Table 2.

Types of carbonaceous nanofillers, preparative methods adopted and morphology of SBR nanocomposites.

Rubber	Filler	Preparation	Morphology	Ref.
SBR (25% styrene Content)	Ionic liquid modified MWCNT	Two roll mixing mill.	TEM: A substantial dispersion of modified MWCNT with less agglomerates in SBR	[64]
Solution-SBR/BR	MWCNTT	Roll mill	TEM: Smaller magnification show no homogeneous distribution of the MWCNTs (5 phr)	[65]
SBR (23.5 wt % bound Styrene)	MWCNT	Solvent casting method	FE-SEM: MWCNT (0.66 wt %) are dispersed homogeneously in SBR.	[66]
SBR	MWCNT	Solvent casting	-	[67]
SBR	MWCNT	Coagulation method followed by mastication in a twin-screw extruder	SEM: MWCNT (15 wt %) are well dispersed in the masterbatch.	[68]
SBR	MWCNT	Coagulation process followed by melt mixing	—	[69]
SBR	Functionalized CNT	Solvent casting	—	[71]
SBR and butadiene blend	Modified/unmodified MWCNT	Solvent casting	TEM: CNT form percolating networks at 5 phr loading.	[73]
SBR	Functionalized CNT	Solvent casting	—	[74]
SBR (25% styrene content)	MWCNT	Two roll mixing method	TEM: Good dispersion of MWCNT in SBR matrix	[75]
SBR	MWCNT	Spray drying/mechanical mixing process.	SEM: Dispersion of MWCNTs (50 phr) in the rubber matrix remarkably improved.	[76]
SBR (23% styrene and 77% butadiene)	CB, CNT, Carbon Graphene, Graphite	In banbury mixer	—	[77]
SBR Latex (20 wt % styrene, 80 wt % butadiene)	Graphene(MLG350), CRGO, and TRGO	Latex blending techniques	TEM: SBR nanocomposites containing 25 phr MLG350, CRGO, and TRGO homogeneously dispersed in the SBR.	[79]
SBR (styrene content of 23.5%)	CNF	Mixing followed by two-roll milling	TEM: Fiber diameter (unmodified) of 78 nm swells to 97 nm in SF6 (unmodified SBR) and 144 nm in TSF6 (modified SBR)	[81]
SBR(23.5 wt % styrene SBR polymer)	CNT	Mechanical mixing	TEM: Fairly good dispersion.	[82]
SBR Latex (21 wt % of SBR content)	Graphene	Modified latex compounding method	TEM: Exfoliated graphene (7 phr) is homogeneously dispersed in SBR.	[83]
SBR latex (21 wt % of SBR content)	Graphene	Mechanical stirring	—	[84]
XSBR (23% styrene content)	Modified expanded graphite	Solution mixing and melt blending	HR-TEM: MEG nanosheets uniformly dispersed in the XSBR matrix.	[86]
SBR	CB-Graphene	Two roll mixing	Homogeneous dispersion of graphene sheets on the application of hybrid CB-RG filler in SBR matrix.	[87]
SBR	MWCNT/Thermally reduced graphene (TrG)	Two roll mill	SEM of tensile fracture surfaces: Excellent dispersion of CNTs (1 phr)/TrG (0.25 phr) in SBR matrix.	[88]
SBR latex	Tubular clay and (HNT) functionalized graphene (TAG)	Dispersion of HNT and HNT-TAG hybrid filler added into SBR latex.	TEM: HNTs (40 phr) individually dispersed and as aggregates in SBR TAG (4 phr) uniformly dispersed in SBR. Dispersion of HNTs is greatly improved in the presence of TAG (HNT-TAG:44 phr) in SBR.	[89]
SBR	Fe-MMT/MWCNT	Mixing method	TEM: MWCNT/MMT (5 phr) filled SBR composite show CTAB-MWCNT networks are disrupted by the well dispersed FE-MMT particles.	[90]
SBR	CNT	Spray drying of the suspension of CNTs in SBR latex.	SEM:SBR/CNTs (20 and 50 phr) powder is uniformly spherical (Diameters < 10 μm). On adding more CNTs, powders are more spherical-like and the isolation among the spherules is improved as well.	[163]
SBR	Graphene platelets(GNPs)	Solution mixing, melt compounding	TEM: Better dispersion and exfoliation of GNP (2.4 vol %) in the matrix in solution-prepared nanocomposite, while GNPs exist as aggregates of stacked in the melt-prepared samples.	[174]
SBR	Ionic liquid functionalized graphene oxide (GO-IL)	Latex hetero-coagulation method	SEM: GO-IL can be well-dispersed in the SBR matrix	[191]
SBR latex	3D segregated graphene	Mixing	TEM: 3D segregated graphene networks throughout SBR matrix.	[192]
SBR	MWCNT/Hectorite	Solution blending	FESEM (fracture surface): homogenous dispersion in 0.70 wt % MWCNT/ Hectorite.	[207]