Table 4.
Types of carbonaceous nanofillers, preparative methods adopted and morphology of silicone rubber nanocomposites.
| Rubber | Filler (S) | Preparative Method | Morphology | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SR | CB, CNT | Solution mixing method | AFM: SR vulcanizates containing 3 phr of CNTs and CB show the heterogeneity of the filler and rubber components. | [116] |
| RTV | MWCNT | Solvent method | SEM: MWCNTs (not higher than 5 phr) is well dispersed in the silicone matrix. | [117] |
| HTVSR | Chitosan salt pretreated MWCNTs | Mixing method | SEM: Uniform distribution of MWCNT (4–11 wt %) in HTVSR. | [118] |
| SR | CB (2.5 phr)/CNT (1.0 phr) | Ball mixing | TEM: good dispersion | [119] |
| SR | RGO with different reduction degree | Ball milling | SEM: Graphene sheets were well dispersed in the SR matrix. | [120] |
| SR | MWCNT (0.3 g/50 mL solvent) | Solvent method | SEM: Rough surface texture on nanocomposite with large surface area and nanosized textures. | [121] |
| SR | MWCNT buckypaper | Two-step process | FESEM (fracture film): PDMS matrix fully impregnated into buckypaper network. | [122] |
| PDMS | CNT | Mixing method | SEM (Fracture surface) Good bonding between MWCNT (1, 2, and 4 wt %) and PDMS apparent. | [123] |
| SR | F-Graphene | Solvent mixing method | SEM: Uniform dispersion of CNTs (0.3 wt %) in polymer matrix. | [124] |
| HTVSR | CNTs pretreated by chitosan salt | Mechanical/solvent mixing | CNT (4 to 8 wt %) uniformly distributed. | [118] |
| PDMS | MWCNT | Twin screw extruder mixer | SEM: Good dispersibility of the tubes in the silicone matrix. | [127] |
| PDMS | MWCNT | By ultrasonication of mixture PDMS and silicone-g-MWCNTs in toluene. | HRTEM: Single strands of MWCNTs (0.1 wt %) disperse in silicone grafted MWCNTs. | [128] |
| SR | MWCNT | Two roll mixing mill | SEM: Excellent distribution of MWCNT (2, 4 and 6 phr in silicone elastomer: | [129] |
| SR | MWCNT | Mixing method | SEM: Good dispersion of MWCNT (1 and 3.5 wt %) reinforced SR. | [130] |
| RTV-SR | Graphitic nanofiller (GR):10 phr | Mixing method | AFM: completely delaminated single graphitic sheets in rubber matrix. | [131] |
| RTV-SR | Functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) | Solution casting | — | [132] |
| SR | F-Graphene | Mixing method | — | [133] |
| RTV-SR | Graphene (1.0 wt %) | Solvent method | SEM (Fracture surface): Graphene nanosheets randomly disperse/protrude from the fracture surface in the PDMS. | [134] |
| SR | Graphene nanoribbon | Solution mixing | SEM: GNR (0.4, 1.0, 2.0) distributed randomly without obvious aggregations in SR matrix | [135] |
| SR | Graphene nanoplatelets | liquid mixing method | FESEM: agglomeration of GNPs in the composite | [136] |
| SR | Triton-GNP, APTES-GNP and VTMS GNPs | Solution blending | ESM (Tensile fractured surface): VTMS-GNP and Triton-GNP seem to be well embedded in silicone matrix. | [137] |
| PDMS | CNF | In-situ and ex-situ | TEM: Ex-situ prepared nanocomposites feature prominent agglomeration of nanofibers in the form of lumps. | [138] |
| SR | MWCNT | Solvent casting | TEM/SEM: Graphene was well dispersed in the silicone rubber matrix. | [139] |
| VMQ | MWCNT/Graphene | Solution method | TEM: VMQ nanocomposite filled with 0.375 and 0.75 wt % MWCNT–G show better dispersion and homogeneity in VMQ matrix | [140] |
| SR | MWCNT-MMT | Solution blending | TEM: MWCNT/MMT (2 wt %) is well-dispersed and fully exfoliated in SR. | [141] |
| SR | MWCNT-Mg-Al-LDH | Solution blending | TEM: MWCNT (1 wt %) homogeneously distributed in SR. | [142] |
| PDMS | MWCNT/Al2O3 | Ultrasonic sonication followed by casting | MWCNT-Al2O3 was well dispersed in PDMS | [143] |
| Liquid SR | Graphene oxide | Solution method | TEM/SEM: Random and uniform distribution of GO sheets. | [198] |
| Liquid silicone rubber (LSR) | Functionalized graphene oxide | Ultrasonic sonication followed by casting | SEM: TEVS-GO exhibited excellent compatibility with the LSR matrix, and formation of strong interfacial interactions between TEVS-GO and the LSR polymeric chain. | [199] |
| PDMS | Graphite oxide (GO) modified using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) | Solvent method | — | [200] |