Table 3.
Effect of synbiotic supplementation for 12 weeks on organ and white adipose tissue weights.
| ND | HFD | LS | GJ | AL | AL-LS | AL-GJ | AL-LSGJ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liver | 3.27 ± 0.05 *** | 4.67 ± 0.20 | 4.18 ± 0.16 | 4.27 ± 0.25 | 4.56 ± 0.12 | 4.49 ± 0.10 | 4.31 ± 0.19 | 4.18 ± 0.11 |
| Kidney | 0.92 ± 0.02 *** | 0.72 ± 0.01 a | 0.76 ± 0.03 ab | 0.76 ± 0.03 ab | 0.83 ± 0.03 bc | 0.85 ± 0.02 c | 0.90 ± 0.03 c | 0.89 ± 0.05 c |
| Epididymal WAT | 3.11 ± 0.21 *** | 6.05 ± 0.11 c | 6.03 ± 0.27 c | 5.98 ± 0.12 bc | 5.89 ± 0.25 bc | 5.43 ± 0.18 abc | 5.18 ± 0.34 ab | 4.84 ± 0.25 a |
| Perirenal WAT | 0.40 ± 0.03 *** | 0.94 ± 0.04 d | 0.79 ± 0.07 bcd | 0.90 ± 0.11 cd | 0.71 ± 0.06 abc | 0.66 ± 0.05 ab | 0.57 ± 0.07 ab | 0.54 ± 0.04 a |
| Mesenteric WAT | 0.88 ± 0.07 *** | 1.97 ± 0.12 e | 1.77 ± 0.19 de | 1.60 ± 0.14 cd | 1.26 ± 0.13 bc | 1.19 ± 0.08 abc | 1.07 ± 0.10 ab | 0.86 ± 0.06 a |
| Subcutaneous WAT | 2.67 ± 0.24 *** | 6.10 ± 0.22 b | 5.59 ± 0.38 b | 5.65 ± 0.32 b | 5.68 ± 0.50 b | 5.17 ± 0.27ab | 4.37 ± 0.41 a | 4.35 ± 0.31 a |
| Retroperitoneal WAT | 0.75 ± 0.06 *** | 1.44 ± 0.03 b | 1.34 ± 0.05 ab | 1.28 ± 0.11 ab | 1.38 ± 0.07 ab | 1.30 ± 0.06 ab | 1.19 ± 0.09 a | 1.21 ± 0.08 a |
| Interscapular WAT | 1.53 ± 0.13 *** | 3.27 ± 0.08 c | 2.77 ± 0.20 b | 2.70 ± 0.13 b | 2.57 ± 0.24 b | 2.33 ± 0.14 ab | 2.02 ± 0.19 a | 2.03 ± 0.16 a |
| Total WAT | 9.34 ± 0.68 *** | 19.63 ± 0.40 d | 19.29 ± 0.65 d | 18.11 ± 0.64 cd | 17.49 ± 1.14 cd | 16.49 ± 0.44 bc | 14.69 ± 1.00 ab | 14.09 ± 0.63 a |
| Visceral WAT | 5.14 ± 0.35 *** | 10.39 ± 0.18 d | 9.93 ± 0.51 cd | 9.76 ± 0.22 cd | 9.23 ± 0.43 bc | 8.58 ± 0.32 ab | 8.01 ± 0.56 ab | 7.45 ± 0.36 a |
Data are mean ± standard error of the mean (S.E.); Significant differences ND versus HFD are indicated; *** p < 0.001; abcde Means with different superscript letters are significantly different among the groups (p < 0.05); ND: normal diet (5% fat, w/w); HFD: high fat diet (20% fat, 1% cholesterol, w/w); LS: HFD + Lactobacillus sakei LS03 109 cfu/day; GJ: HFD + Leuconostoc kimchi GJ2 109 cfu/day; AL: HFD + 3% allulose; AL-LS: AL + Lactobacillus sakei LS03 109 cfu/day; AL-GJ: AL + Leuconostoc kimchi GJ2 109 cfu/day; AL-LSGJ: AL + Lactobacillus sakei LS03 + L. Leuconostoc kimchi GJ2 109 cfu/each/day; FER, food efficiency ratio = body weight gain/energy intake per day; WAT: white adipose tissue.