Table 1.
Comparisons of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics according to the presence of iron deficiency and prominent negative symptoms.
| Serum Ferritin Level | Prominent Negative Symptoms | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 121) |
≤20 ng/mL (N = 34, 28.1%) |
>20 ng/mL (N = 87, 71.9%) |
Statistical Value | p-Value | Yes (N = 31, 25.6%) |
No (N = 90, 74.4%) |
Statistical Value | p-Value | |
| Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics | |||||||||
| Age, Med, (IQR) year | 27.0 (22.0–32.0) | 27.5 (22.8–32.5) | 25.0 (21.0–32.0) | U = −1.270 | 0.204 | 25.0 (20.0–30.0) | 27.0 (22.0–32.5) | U = −1.403 | 0.161 |
| Sex, female; N (%) | 73 (60.3) | 33 (45.2) | 40 (54.8) | χ2 = 26.653 | <0.001 | 21 (28.8) | 52 (72.2) | χ2 = 0.957 | 0.328 |
| DUP, Med. (IQR) Mo. | 2.2 (1.0–12.0) | 4.0 (1.0–24.0) | 2.0 (1.0–11.0) | U = −0.937 | 0.349 | 8.5 (1.1–25.0) | 2.0 (1.0–7.3) | U = −2.859 | 0.004 |
| Duration of Tx, Med. (IQR) Mo. | 1.0 (0.7–1.2) | 1.0 (0.5–1.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.5) | U = −2.512 | 0.012 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.6–1.2) | U = −0.102 | 0.919 |
| Inpatient status, N (%) | 71 (58.7) | 17 (23.9) | 54 (76.1) | χ2 = 1.469 | 0.226 | 12 (16.9) | 59 (83.1) | χ2 = 6.854 | 0.009 |
| Diagnosis, N (%) | χ2 = 0.240 | 0.887 | χ2 = 5.613 | 0.060 | |||||
| Schizophrenia | 77 (63.6) | 21 (27.3) | 56 (72.7) | 24 (31.2) | 53 (68.8) | ||||
| Schizophreniform | 32 (26.4) | 10 (31.3) | 22 (68.6) | 7 (21.9) | 25 (78.1) | ||||
| Other specified. | 12 (9.9) | 3 (25.0) | 9 (75.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (100.0) | ||||
| Antipsychotics, N (%) | χ2 = 6.843 | 0.233 | χ2 = 7.713 | 0.173 | |||||
| Amisulpride | 32 (26.4) | 8 (25.0) | 24 (75.0) | 12 (37.5) | 20 (62.5) | ||||
| Aripiprazole | 21 (17.4) | 10 (47.6) | 11 (52.4) | 2 (9.5) | 19 (90.5) | ||||
| Paliperidone | 53 (43.8) | 14 (26.4) | 39 (73.6) | 15 (28.3) | 38 (71.7) | ||||
| Risperidone | 5 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (100.0) | ||||
| Quetiapine | 7 (5.8) | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) | ||||
| None | 3 (2.5) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | ||||
| Laboratory measures | |||||||||
| Hemoglobin, mean (SD) g/dL | 13.4 (1.7) | 12.5 (10.5- 13.2) | 13.9 (13.1–14.9) | t = −6.966 | <0.001 | 12.9 (2.2) | 13.6 (1.4) | t = −1.703 | 0.097 |
| Iron, Med. (IQR) μg/dL | 90 (58–115) | 51 (26–90) | 100 (67–127) | U = −4.671 | <0.001 | 73 (40–112) | 91 (61–116) | U = −1.416 | 0.157 |
| TIBC, Med. (IQR) μg/dL | 326 (291–354) | 360 (333–396) | 310 (280–340) | U = −4.994 | <0.001 | 338 (285–367) | 325 (292–350) | U = −1.146 | 0.252 |
| Transferrin Sat., mean (SD) % | 28.6 (15.6) | 16.8 (11.0) | 33.2 (14.7) | t = −5.908 | <0.001 | 25.8 (15.9) | 29.5 (15.4) | t = −1.138 | 0.257 |
| Ferritin, Med. (IQR) ng/mL | 48.7 (18.0–105.5) | 12.4 (7.6–16.0) | 86.6 (43.7–128.5) | U = −8.529 | <0.001 | 29.3 (8.8–89.2) | 64.6 (20.9–109.4) | U = −2.238 | 0.025 |
| Ferritin ≤ 20 ng/mL, N (%) | 34 (28.1) | Not applicable | 14 (41.2) | 20 (58.8) | χ2 = 6.005 | 0.014 | |||
| Psychiatric measures | |||||||||
| PANSS, Positive, mean (SD) | 16.0 (4.8) | 16.7 (4.6) | 15.7 (4.9) | t = 1.031 | 0.305 | 19.2 (3.9) | 14.8 (4.7) | t = 4.682 | <0.001 |
| Negative, mean (SD) | 18.6 (5.6) | 20.3 (5.8) | 18.0 (5.4) | t = 2.021 | 0.046 | 23.7 (5.6) | 16.9 (4.5) | t = 6.809 | <0.001 |
| Cognitive, mean (SD) | 14.4 (3.7) | 14.3 (3.9) | 14.5 (3.6) | t = −0.222 | 0.825 | 15.8 (3.1) | 13.9 (3.8) | t = 2.439 | 0.016 |
| Depressive, mean (SD) | 12.4 (3.7) | 12.3 (3.3) | 12.5 (3.8) | t = −0.222 | 0.825 | 14.7 (3.3) | 11.6 (3.5) | t = 6.326 | <0.001 |
| Excited, mean (SD) | 7.5 (3.0) | 7.8 (3.1) | 7.3 (3.0) | t = 0.778 | 0.438 | 8.4 (3.6) | 7.1 (2.7) | t = 1.766 | 0.085 |
| Total, mean (SD) | 68.8 (15.1) | 71.2 (15.0) | 67.8 (15.2) | t = 1.112 | 0.268 | 81.6 (12.5) | 64.3 (13.4) | t = −5.833 | <0.001 |
| Prominent negative Sx, N (%) | 31 (25.6) | 14 (45.2) | 17 (54.8) | χ2 = 6.005 | 0.014 | Not applicable | |||
| SOFAS, mean (SD) | 58.2 (10.2) | 56.9 (9.7) | 58.7 (10.4) | t = −0.872 | 0.385 | 50.4 (10.8) | 60.9 (8.5) | t = −5.550 | <0.001 |
| CDSS, mean (SD) | 4.5 (4.0) | 4.2 (3.8) | 4.6 (4.1) | t = −0.484 | 0.629 | 7.3 (4.7) | 3.6 (3.3) | t = 4.063 | <0.001 |
| Diet habit, | |||||||||
| Regular diet, mean (SD) | 17.0 (6.5) | 17.1 (6.7) | 17.0 (6.5) | t = 0.126 | 0.900 | 16.1 (6.4) | 17.3 (6.6) | t = −0.904 | 0.368 |
| Balanced diet, mean (SD) | 18.2 (6.8) | 18.7 (7.4) | 18.0 (6.6) | t = 0.490 | 0.625 | 18.2 (6.8) | 18.2 (6.9) | t = 0.016 | 0.987 |
| Healthy diet, mean (SD) | 31.8 (6.3) | 32.0 (5.6) | 31.8 (6.6) | t = 0.168 | 0.867 | 31.6 (6.0) | 31.9 (6.4) | t = −0.241 | 0.810 |
Med. Median; IQR, Interquartile Range; SD, Standard Deviation; Mo., month; DUP, Duration of Untreated Psychosis; Other specified., other specified schizophrenia spectrum disorder; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SOFAS, Social Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale; CDSS, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; Tx, treatment; Sx, symptom; Sat., saturation.