Pure EA |
30 µg/mL; 7.5–37.5 µg/mL |
Growth inhibition |
Human colon cancer cell lines: SW480, HCT-116 |
[28,32] |
|
6–36 µg/mL |
Cell cycle arrest in: G2/M phase |
Human colon HCT-15 cancer cell line |
[31] |
Pomegranate leaf extract |
6.25–200 µg/mL |
|
Human NSCLC A549 and H1299 cell lines; mouse Lewis lung carcinoma LL/2.cell line |
[74] |
Pure EA |
0.3–15 µg/mL; 1.5–22.5 µg/mL |
G0/G1 phase |
Human bladder cancer T24 and TSGH8304 cell lines |
[93,94] |
|
3–30 µg/mL |
G1 phase |
Human ovarian carcinoma ES-2, PA-1 cell lines |
[107] |
|
6 µg/mL |
|
Human osteosarcoma Saos-2, MG63 cell lines |
[124] |
|
15 µg/mL |
|
Human melanoma 1205Lu, WM852c, A375 cell lines |
[82] |
|
1.5–6 µg/mL |
|
Human NSCLC A549 cell line |
[75] |
|
15–30 µg/mL |
G1/S phase |
Human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell line |
[101] |
|
4.5–18 µg/mL |
S phase |
Human glioblastoma U251, U87, U118 cell lines |
[119] |
|
|
|
Human prostate cancer PC-3 and DU-145 cell lines |
[56] |
|
0.3–9 µg/mL; 6–36 µg/mL; 7.5–37.5 µg/mL |
Apoptosis induction, via intrinsic apoptotic pathway activation |
Human colon cancer cell lines: Caco-2; HCT-15; HCT-116 |
[30,31,32] |
|
3–30 µg/mL |
|
Human ovarian carcinoma ES-2, PA-1 cell lines |
[107] |
|
15–30 µg/mL |
|
Human glioblastoma U251, U87, U118 cell lines |
[119] |
|
7.5–30 µg/mL |
|
Human melanoma 1205Lu, WM852c, A375 cell lines |
[82] |
|
15–45 µg/mL |
|
Human oral carcinoma HSC-2 cell line |
[112] |
|
0.3–15 µg/mL; 1.5–22.5 µg/mL |
|
Human bladder cancer T24 and TSGH8304 cell lines |
[93,94] |
|
3–30 µg/mL; 0–30 µg/mL; 4.5–18 µg/mL |
|
Human prostate cancer PC-3, LNCaP, DU-145 cell lines |
[56,57,58,59] |
Pomegranate leaf extract |
6.25–200 µg/mL |
|
Human NSCLC A549 and H1299 cell lines; mouse Lewis lung carcinoma LL/2 cell line |
[74] |
Pure EA |
30 µg/mL |
Inhibition of tumour cell migration, invasion, metastasis, due to MMP-2, MMP-9, VEFGs downregulation |
Human colon cancer Caco-2 cell line |
[30] |
|
6 µg/mL |
|
Human osteosarcoma Saos-2 and MG63 cell lines |
[124] |
Pomegranate juice; EA; Lutheolin |
5–10%; 5–15 µg/mL; 5–15 µg/mL |
|
Human ovarian cancer A2780 cell line |
[109] |
|
3–9 µg/mL |
|
Human bladder cancer cell lines: T24, UMUC3,5637, HT-1376 |
[84] |
Pure EA |
4 µg/mL; 7.5–30 µg/mL |
|
Human PC-3 and rat PLS-10 prostate cancer lines |
[60,61] |
|
6.25–200 µg/mL |
|
Human NSCLC H1299 cell line |
[74] |
|
3 µg/mL |
Enhanced sensibility to radiotherapy |
Human breast cancer MCF7 cell line |
[52] |
|
3 µg/mL |
|
Human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell line |
[102] |
Pomegranate juice; Lutheolin+EA+ punicic acid |
1–5%; 1–8 µg/mL; 4–8 µg/mL |
Inhibition of genes promoting tumour cell migration and up-regulation of genes promoting cell adhesion |
Human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell lines |
[51] |
Pure EA |
7.5–15 µg/mL |
|
Human prostate cancer DU145, PC3, LNCaP cell lines |
[62,63] |
|
30 µg/mL |
DNA damage, p53 and p21 activation, IGF-II downregulation; Increased production of ROS |
Human colon cancer SW480 and HCT-115 cell lines |
[28,31] |
|
3–30 µg/mL |
|
Human ovarian carcinoma ES-2 and PA-1 cell lines |
[107] |
|
0.3–15 µg/mL |
|
Human bladder cancer T24 and TSGH8301 cell lines |
[82,83] |
|
30–36 µg/mL |
Neuroendocrine differentiation of cancer cells |
Human prostate cancer LnCap and DU145 cell lines |
[57] |
|
3–30 µg/mL |
Overcome of TKI-resistance |
Human NSCLC HCC827 clones |
[76] |
|
0.96–3 µg/mL |
Enhanced sensibility to doxorubicin and cisplatin |
Human ovarian cancer ES-2, PA-1, A2780 cell lines |
[107,108] |
|
1.5–18 µg/mL |
Enhanced sensibility to mitomycin C |
Human bladder cancer T24, UMUC3, 5637, HT-1376 cell lines |
[84] |
|
0.3–30 ng/ml; 0.3 µg/mL–3 ng/mL |
Estrogenic; anti-estrogenic activity |
Human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line |
[42,43] |
|
3–9 µg/mL; 15 µg/mL |
Modulation of TGF-β; Smads and PI3K pathways |
Human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line |
[45,46,47] |
|
6–18 µg/mL |
Down-regulation of PDL-1 |
Human bladder cancer T24, UMUC3,5637, HT-1376 cell lines |
[84] |
|
30 µg/mL |
Changes in gene expression |
Human colon cancer HCT-116 and Caco-2 cell lines |
[32,33] |
EA; metabolites UroA and UroB |
3 µg/mL; 12 µg/mL |
|
Human prostate cancer LNCaP cell line |
[58] |
EA, UroA, UroB, 8-OMe-urolithin A |
30 µg/mL |
Antiproliferative effect by p38-MAPK and/or c-Jun medicated caspase-3 activation |
Human bladder cancer T24 and UMUC3 cell lines |
[96,97] |
EA and UroA, UroB, UroC |
0.3–36 µg/mL |
Cell cycle arrest, increasing apoptotic cell death and inhibiting PI3K/Akt and MAPK signalling pathway |
Human NSCLC A549 cell line |
[75] |
UroA and UroB |
0.15–22.5 µg/mL |
Inhibition of viability and tysosinase activity |
Murine melanoma B16 cell line |
[88] |
UroA |
0.075–60 µg/mL |
Estrogenic activity |
Human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line |
[44] |
EA derivative 4,4′-DiOMEA |
3 µg/mL |
Inhibition of cell proliferation, enhancing sensibility to 5-FU and 5’DFUR |
Human colon cancer SW-620, SW-620-5FuResistant, HT-29, Caco-2, SW-480 cell lines |
[36,37] |
EA-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles |
0.03–15 µg/mL |
Antiproliferative/apoptotic effects |
Human oral cancer KB cell line |
[113] |
|
3–30 µg/mL |
|
Human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell line |
[103] |
Chitosan-EA films |
0.3–15 µg/mL |
|
Human melanoma WM115 cell line |
[90] |
EA-peracetate |
0.2–100 µg/mL |
|
Murine melanoma B16 cell line |
[89] |
Pomegranate extract |
0.5–1% (w/v); 5–200 µg/mL |
|
Murine breast cancer WA4 cell line |
[48] |
|
|
|
Human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line |
[49] |
T. chebula fruit extract |
EA IC50 = 23.5 µg/mL |
|
Human MCF-7 and mouse S115 breast cancer cell lines, human osteosarcoma HOS-1 cell line, human prostate cancer PC-3 cell line |
[41] |