Table 3.
In vivo preclinical and clinical evidence of ellagic acid (EA) therapeutic potential.
| Formulation | Dose | Biological Effect | Experimental Model | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preclinical studies | Pure EA | 60 mg/kg body weight | Chemopreventive effect | DHM-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats | [34] |
| Pomegranate fruit juice (PFJ) | 60 mg/kg body weight | Transgenic rat for adenocarcinoma of prostate (TRAP) model | [65] | ||
| 50 mg/kg body weight | NDEA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats; NDEA induced lung carcinogenesis in mice | [73,104,105] | |||
| 12 µg/mL | DHM-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats | [35] | |||
| 60 mg/kg body weight | Apoptosis induction through AKT-PI3K pathway inhibition | DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis model | [115] | ||
| Glioblastoma xenografted mice | [120] | ||||
| 0.1–0.4% of the diet | Suppressed carcinogenesis through Wnt pathway inactivation | Human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 xenograft | [51] | ||
| Pure EA | 40 µg/g body weight | Inhibition of tumour growth and angiogenesis | Bladder cancer xenografts in nude mice | [84] | |
| 50 or 100 mg/kg | Immunodeficient murine model of prostate cancer | [64] | |||
| EA+lutheolin+punicic acid from pomegranate extract | 40 mg/kg | DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis model | [115] | ||
| EA; Lutheolin; pomegranate fruit juice | 64 µg/component/day; 50 mg/kg body weight; 20 ml/kg body weight | Nude mice heterotopically transplanted with human ovarian ES-2 cancer cells | [109] | ||
| EA dispersion (1% w/v) in water; propyleneglycol (10:90 v/v) | 20 µL, topically | Suppression of melanogenesis | Brownish-guinea pigs UV light-irradiated; B16 melanoma cells-inoculated C57BL/l mice | [81] | |
| EA and black raspberries | 0.4%; 5–10% of the diet | Inhibition of tumour cell proliferation and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers | 4NQO-induced rat oral cancer model | [116] | |
| Clinical studies | Pomegranate extract | 900 mg | Modification in gene expression pattern | Colorectal patients | [38] |
| Pomegranate extract | 2000 mg daily | No change in oxidative damage | Prostate cancer patients | [68] | |
| Pomegranate extract | 1000 or 3000 daily | Prolongation of PSA doubling time | Prostate cancer patients | [69] | |
| Pure EA | Better response to traditional drugs and reduced systemic toxicity | Prostate cancer patients | [66] | ||
| Pomegranate juice | 180 mg daily | Protective effect against cancer | Prostate cancer patients | [67] | |
| Pomegranate juice | 90–450 mL daily | Prolongation of PSA doubling time | Prostate cancer patients | [70] |