. 2018 Nov 1;10(11):1614. doi: 10.3390/nu10111614

Table 1.

Modulation of immune responses by vitamin E in animal models.

Species	Dosage and Duration	Form of Vitamin E Used	Results	References
Chicks, female broiler (n = 6/group, 6 replicate)	100 mg/kg diet for 21 days	dl-α-tocopheryl acetate	↑Plasma IgM levels at day 21	Dalia et al. 2018 [8]
Chicks, female broiler (n = 6/group, 6 replicate)	100 mg/kg diet for 21 days	dl-α-tocopheryl acetate	↔Splenic expressions of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10	Dalia et al. 2018 [8]
Pregnant cows (n = 24/group)	250 IU/day from day 107 of gestation to day 21 of lactation	NA	↑IgG and IgA concentration in sow plasma	Wang et al. 2017 [9]
Domestic cats (39 castrated male and 33 intact female) (n = 8/group)	225, 450 mg/kg diet for 28 days	α-tocopherol	↑Lymphocyte proliferation (ConA, PHA)	O’ Brien et al. 2015 [10]
Young and old mice (n = 11–13/group)	500 mg/kg diet for 6 weeks	dl-α-tocotrienol	↑Lymphocyte proliferation in old (ConA, PHA)	Ren et al. 2010 [11]
Young and old mice (n = 11–13/group)	500 mg/kg diet for 6 weeks	dl-α-tocotrienol	↑IL-1β production in young	Ren et al. 2010 [11]
Young rats (n = 6/group)	50, 200 mg/kg diet for 8–10 weeks		↑Lymphocyte proliferation (ConA, LPS)	Bendich et al. 1986 [12]
Old mice (n = 10/group)	500 mg/kg diet for 6 weeks	dl-α-tocopheryl acetate	↑Lymphocyte proliferation (ConA, LPS)	Meydani et al. 1986 [13]
			↑DTH response
			↑IL-2 production
			↓PGE₂ production
Young and old mice (n = 5/group)	500 IU (500 mg) for 9 weeks	dl-α-tocopherol acetate	↑Lymphocyte proliferation (ConA) in young	Wakikawa et al. 1999 [14]
			↔Lymphocyte proliferation (ConA) in old
			↑IFN-γ in young under restraint stress
Young rats (n = 10/group)	50, 100, 250, 500, 2500 mg/kg diet for 7 days	dl-α-tocopheryl acetate	↑Lymphocyte proliferation (>100 mg/kg diet, ConA) (>250 mg/kg diet, LPS)	Moriguchi et al. 1990 [15]
Young rats (n = 10/group)	50, 100, 250, 500, 2500 mg/kg diet for 7 days	dl-α-tocopheryl acetate	↑NK activity (>250 mg/kg diet)	Moriguchi et al. 1990 [15]
Old rats (n = 5/group)	585 mg/kg diet for 12 months	dl-α-tocopheryl nicotinate	↑Lymphocyte proliferation (ConA, PHA)	Sakai S & Moriguchi 1997 [16]
Old rats (n = 5/group)	585 mg/kg diet for 12 months	dl-α-tocopheryl nicotinate	↑IL-2 production	Sakai S & Moriguchi 1997 [16]
Young calves (n = 8/group)	125, 250, 500 IU (125, 250, 500 mg)/day for 24 weeks	dl-α-tocopheryl acetate	↑Lymphocyte proliferation (PHA, ConA, pokeweed mitogen)	Reddy et al. 1987 [17]
Young calves (n = 8/group)	125, 250, 500 IU (125, 250, 500 mg)/day for 24 weeks	dl-α-tocopheryl acetate	↑Antibovine herpesvirus Ab titer to booster in 125 IU/day group	Reddy et al. 1987 [17]
Young mice (n = 8/group)	200 mg/kg diet for 6–12 weeks	α-tocopheryl acetate	↑Ab response	Tanake et al. 1979 [18]
Young mice (n = 8/group)	200 mg/kg diet for 6–12 weeks	α-tocopheryl acetate	↑Helper T cell activity	Tanake et al. 1979 [18]
Mice (n = 10/group)	500 mg/kg diet for 6 months	α-tocopherol acetate (Tekland, Madison, WI)	↓IL-6 and PGEs (unstimulated) production by macrophages	Beharka et al. 2000 [19]
Mice (n = 10/group)	500 mg/kg diet for 6 months	α-tocopherol acetate (Tekland, Madison, WI)	↓Nitric oxide production (LPS) by macrophages	Beharka et al. 2000 [19]

Ab, antibody; ConA, concanavalin A; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PGE₂, prostaglandin E₂; PHA, phytohemagglutinin; TNF, Tumor necrosis factor.