. 2018 Nov 1;10(11):1614. doi: 10.3390/nu10111614

Table 4.

Effects of vitamin E supplementation on infectious diseases in humans.

Subjects	Age	Dose and Duration of Supplementation	Form of Vitamin E Used	Infection Organism and Route of Infection	Results: Effects of Vitamin E Supplementation	References
Male smoker	50–69	50 mg/d for median of 6 years	dl-α-tocopheryl acetate	Natural incidence of pneumonia	69% Lower incidence of pneumonia among subgroups including participants who smoked 5–19 cigarettes per day at baseline and exercised at leisure time	Hemila et al. 2016 [52]
Male smoker	50–69	50 mg/d for median of 6 years	dl-α-tocopheryl acetate	Natural incidence of pneumonia	14% Lower incidence of pneumonia among subgroups including participants who smoked ≥20 cigarettes per day at baseline and did not exercise	Hemila et al. 2016 [52]
HIV-infected pregnant Tanzanian women	25.4	30 mg during pregnancy (multivitamin form with 20 mg vitamins B1, 20 mg B2, 25 mg B6, 100 mg niacin, 50 μg B12, 500 mg C, and 800 μg folic acid)	NA	Natural incidence of malaria after having received malaria prophylaxis during pregnancy	Lower incidence of presumptive clinical malaria, but higher risk of any malaria parasitemia	Olofin et al. 2014 [53]
Patients with HCV-related cirrhosis	54–75	900 IU (604.03 mg for d- or 818.18 mg for dl-)/day for 6 months	α-tocopherol	Natural incidence of cirrhosis	Reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase, which are significantly lower in cirrhotic patients (p < 0.05), were comparably improved by vitamin E regimens	Marotta et al. 2007 [54]
Patients with chronic HCV	18–75	945 IU (634.23 mg)/day for 6 months with 500 mg ascorbic acid and 200 μg of selenium	d-α-tocopherol	Natural incidence of HCV	No difference in median log plasma HCV-RNA	Groenbak et al. 2006 [55]
Nursing home residents	>65	200 IU/day for 1 year	dl-α-tocopherol	Natural incidence of respiratory infections	Fewer numbers of subjects with all and upper respiratory infections	Meydani et al. 2004 [56]
					Lower incidence of common cold
					No effect on lower respiratory infection
Male smokers	50–69	50 mg/day during 4-year follow-up	α-tocopherol	Natural incidence of common cold episodes	Lower incidence of common cold	Hemila et al. 2002 [57]
Male smokers	50–69	50 mg/day during 4-year follow-up	α-tocopherol	Natural incidence of common cold episodes	Reduction was greatest among older city dwellers who smoked fewer than 15 cigarettes per day	Hemila et al. 2002 [57]
Male smokers	50–69 years	50 mg/day for median of 6.1 years	dl-α-tocopheryl acetate	Natural incidence of pneumonia	No overall effect on the incidence of pneumonia.	Hemila et al. 2004 [58]
Male smokers	50–69 years	50 mg/day for median of 6.1 years	dl-α-tocopheryl acetate	Natural incidence of pneumonia	Lower incidence of pneumonia among the subjects who had initiated smoking at a later age (>21)	Hemila et al. 2004 [58]
Non-institutionalized individuals	>60 years	200 mg/day for median of 441 days	α-tocopherol acetate	Natural incidence and severity of self-reported acute respiratory tract infections	No effect on incidence and severity of acute respiratory tract infections	Graat et al. 2002 [59]

HCV, hepatitis C virus.