Table 6.
Comparison of operative conditions for astaxanthin and lutein recovery from Haematococcus pluvialis.
| Optimum Extraction Conditions | Carotenoid Recovery e | Reference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomass Loading (g) | CO2 Flow Rate (g/min) | Co-Solvent a | Pre-Treatment | Pb (bar) | Tc (°C) | td (h) | ||
| n.a. § | 100 µL·min−1 | 20% (v/v) ethanol | Hydrotermal | 80 | 55 | 15 min | Astaxanthin 98.3% | [50] |
| n.a. § | 100 µL·min−1 | 20% (v/v) olive oil | Hydrotermal | 80 | 55 | 15 min | Astaxanthin 98.6% | |
| 7 | 1.41 g/min | 5% (v/v) ethanol | Drying | 400 | 70 | 4 | Astaxanthin 77.9% | [53] |
| 2 | 1.41 g/min | 10% (v/v) ethanol | Freeze drying and ball milling | 300 | 60 | - | Astaxanthin >90%; Lutein >90% |
[52] |
| 6 | 1.41 g/min | 10% (v/v) olive oil | Drying | 400 | 70 | 5 | Asthaxanthin 36% | [61] |
| 240 | 7.8 g/min | 2.3 mL/g sample ethanol | Freeze drying (powder form) | 435 | 65 | 3.5 | Astaxanthin 87.42% | [66] |
| 1.38 | 3.62 g/min | 12.5% (v/v) ethanol | Ball milling | 550 | 65 | 1.33 (20 min for Astaxanthin; 40 min for Lutein) # | Astaxanthin 92.4%; Lutein 92.9% |
This study |
a Ethanol/vegetable oils mentioned in the column served as a co-solvent in the extraction; b operating pressure; c operating temperature; d total extraction time; e recovery at optimum conditions; § n.a. = not available; # at the operative conditions with which the maximum recoveries were achieved (65 °C; 550 bar), the recoveries were not affected by extraction time.