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(a) The short-term plasticity: paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) synaptic function of the Ta/TaOx/Al2O3/Pd device; (b) illustration of spike signals and spiking-time-dependent plasticity (STDP) function of the device. The individual pre-synaptic or post-synaptic spike signal is designed as a pair of pulses (−2.5 V, 10 μs pulse and 2.5 V triangle pulse) applied to the top and bottom electrode, respectively.
