Table 2.

Summary of study results regarding adherence of Malaysian adults’ energy and macronutrient intakes to national recommendations.

Source	Energy Consumption Level			Macronutrient Consumption Level
				Protein			Fat			Carbohydrate
	Met RNI	Below RNI	Above RNI	Met RNI	Below RNI	Above RNI	Met RNI	Below RNI	Above RNI	Met RNI	Below RNI	Above RNI
FAO food balance sheet (2013) [5]	††	††	127% adequacy for 2014–2016	††	††	Available protein supply in 2013 = 81.58 g/capita/day	Per capita fat supply was 28% of energy	††	††	Per capita CHO supply was 63% of energy	††	††
Nationwide studies
Mahmud et al. (2015) [6]	---	66.5% of adults had energy intakes below the RNI	---	---	---	50.7% of adults had protein intake exceeding the RNI	---	---	94.9% of adults exceeded the RNI for fat	---	53.5% of adults had CHO intake below RNI	---
Asma (2014) analysis of MANS 2003 data [8]	††	††	Mean energy intake was 101% RNI for men and 100.8% RNI for women	††	††	Protein intake was 180.4% RNI for men and 171.2% RNI for women	††	††	Fat intake was 120% RNI for men and 111.8% for women	††	††	CHO intake was 74.4% TEI for men and 74.9% TEI for women
Mirnalini et al. (2008) [9]	††	Energy intake ranged from 66.6% to 75.1% RNI for men and 62.4% to 76% RNI for women	††	Protein intake ranged from 98.4% to 108.1% RNI for men and 92.7% to 103.6% RNI for women	††	††	**	**	**	**	**	**
MANS 2014 (2014) [7]	††	Energy intake for both sexes was 64.4% of RNI	††	Protein intake was 97.7% RNI (both sexes)	††	Protein intake among men was 101.3% RNI	Fat intake was 29% TEI	††	††	CHO intake was 55% TEI	††	††
Small studies
All ages
Kaur et al. (2016) [10]	**	**	**	**	**	**	††	††	Fat intake was 30.3% TEI	CHO intake was 54.6% TEI	††	††
Young adults
Shahril et al. (2013) [14]	**	**	**	**	**	**	††	††	Fat intake was 34.0% TEI in intervention group and 34.4% TEI in control group	CHO intake was 51.9% TEI in intervention group and 51.6% TEI in control group	††	††
Karupaiah et al. (2013) [13]	Energy intake was 93% RNI for age 19 to 29 year and 84% RNI for age 30 to 50 year	††	††	††	††	Protein intake was 129% RNI for age 19 to 50 year	**	**	**	**	**	**
Abdull Hakim et al. (2012) [16]	---	90.9% of males and 72.2% of females had energy intake below RNI	---	---	68% of females had protein intake below RNI	56.4% of males had protein intake above RNI	21.1% of males and 14.6% of females met RNI for fat	---	56.5% of females and 41.5% of males exceeded RNI for fat	††	††	††
Ismail et al. (2012) [17]	**	**	**	**	**	**	††	††	Fat intake ranged from 31.9% to 33.7% RNI	CHO intake ranged from 50.5% to 53.1% TEI	††	††
Gan et al. (2011) [19]	---	73% of males and 80.5% of females had energy intake below RNI	---	---	---	74.7% of males and 54.4% of females had protein intake above RNI	42.6% of males and 45.5% of females had fat intake between 20 to 30% TEI	---	35.9% of males and 27.7% of females had fat intake >30% TEI	---	64.6% of men and 60.6% of women had CHO intake <55% TEI	---
Older adults
Shyam et al. (2015) [12]	**	**	**	**	**	**	Baseline fat intake was 29% TEI in LGI group and 30% TEI in CHDR group	††	††	CHO intake ranged from 53% to 55% TEI	††	††
Norsham et al. (2015) [11]	51% of women met RNI for energy	----	---	---	---	64.4% of normal women and 70.9% of women with breast adiposity had protein intake above RNI	---	---	Fat intake was >35% TEI in 87% of normal women and 79% of women with breast adiposity	---	---	CHO intake was >75% TEI in 82% of normal women and 83.5% of women with breast adiposity
Yee et al. (2013) [15]	††	Mean energy intake fell below the RNI	††	††	††	Mean protein intake exceeded the RNI	††	††	Mean fat intake was 36% TEI	**	**	**
Karupaiah et al. (2013) [13]	††	Energy intake was 78% RNI for age 51 to 59 year	††	††	††	Protein intake was 129% RNI for age 51 to 59 year	**	**	**	**	**	**
Shahar et al. (2011) [20]	**	**	**	**	**	**	Fat intake was 25.1% energy	††	††	CHO intake was 58.8% TEI	---	---
Eng & Moy (2011) [18]	**	**	**	**	**	**	††	††	Fat intake was 32.8% TEI	**	**	**
Sulaiman et al. (2011) [21]	Energy intake was 90.15% RNI among food secure rural respondents	Energy intake ranged from 53.99% to 77.44% RNI among food secure urban and food insecure urban and rural respondents	††	††	††	Protein intake ranged from 100.06% to 154.42% RNI for food secure and food-insecure women in urban and rural areas	Fat intake of food insecure (rural & urban) and food secure urban women ranged from 23.55% to 29.62% TEI	††	Fat intake of food secure rural respondents was 32.38% TEI	CHO intake in food secure and insecure women in rural and urban areas ranged from 50% TEI to 59% TEI	---	---
Lee et al. (2010) [23]	**	**	**	**	**	**	††	††	Fat intake ranged from 31.0% to 33.5% TEI	CHO intake ranged from 54.4% TEI to 55.9% TEI	---	---
Asma et al. (2010) [22]	**	**	**	**	**	**	Fat intake was 28.6% TEI for men and 29.7% TEI for women	††	††	**	**	**
Pon et al. (2006) [24]	Energy intake was 88.5% RDA	††	††	††	††	Protein intake was 144% of RDA	**	**	**	**	**	**

†† No data; --- Less than half of the subjects had this level of intake; ** Not computed by study author/s.