Table 3.
Multivariable 1 associations (hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)) between continuous or sex-specific tertiles 2 of polyphenol intakes and cardiovascular disease risk (total, CHD, and stroke), NutriNet-Santé Cohort, France, 2009–2017.
| Categories of Polyphenols | Total CVD | CHD | Strokes | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile | Cases/Non Cases | HR | CI 95% |
p-Value * p-Trend |
Cases/Non Cases | HR | CI 95% |
p-Value * p-Trend |
Cases/Non Cases | HR | CI 95% |
p-Value * p-Trend |
| Anthocyanins | 0.98 | (0.96–0.99) | 0.03 * | 0.97 | (0.94–0.99) | 0.04 * | 0.99 | (0.96–1.01) | 0.30 * | |||
| T1 | 150/27,902 | 0.0003 | 75/27,977 | 0.03 | 75/27,977 | 0.003 | ||||||
| T2 | 215/27,838 | 0.83 | (0.67–1.03) | 110/27,943 | 0.86 | (0.64–1.17) | 105/27,948 | 0.80 | (0.59–0.80) | |||
| T3 | 237/27,816 | 0.66 | (0.52–0.83) | 124/27,929 | 0.71 | (0.51–0.98) | 113/27,940 | 0.61 | (0.44–0.61) | |||
| Dihydrochalcones | 0.81 | (0.63–1.04) | 0.11 * | 0.74 | (0.50–1.02) | 0.08 * | 0.93 | (0.65–1.32) | 0.68 * | |||
| T1 | 180/27,872 | 0.03 | 96/27,956 | 0.06 | 84/27,968 | 0.29 | ||||||
| T2 | 224/27,829 | 0.98 | (0.80–1.20) | 116/27,937 | 0.98 | (0.74–1.29) | 108/27,945 | 0.98 | (0.73–0.98) | |||
| T3 | 198/27,855 | 0.801 | (0.65–0.99) | 97/27,956 | 0.75 | (0.56–1.02) | 101/27,952 | 0.86 | (0.63–0.86) | |||
| Dihydroflavonols | 0.87 | (0.68–1.12) | 0.30 * | 0.89 | (0.65–1.22) | 0.52 * | 0.84 | (0.57–1.25) | 0.41 * | |||
| T1 | 136/27,917 | 0.04 | 67/27,986 | 0.27 | 69/27,984 | 0.07 | ||||||
| T2 | 200/27,852 | 0.84 | (0.67–1.06) | 99/27,953 | 0.82 | (0.60–1.13) | 101/27,951 | 0.86 | (0.63–0.86) | |||
| T3 | 266/27,787 | 0.76 | (0.59–0.98) | 143/27,910 | 0.81 | (0.57–1.15) | 123/27,930 | 0.72 | (0.50–0.72) | |||
| Catechins | 0.98 | (0.96–0.99) | 0.02 * | 0.97 | (0.94–0.99) | 0.007 * | 1.00 | (0.96–1.01) | 0.45 * | |||
| T1 | 192/27,860 | 0.004 | 99/27,953 | 0.12 | 93/27,959 | 0.01 | ||||||
| T2 | 217/27,836 | 0.91 | (0.74–1.11) | 108/27,945 | 0.88 | (0.66–1.17) | 109/27,944 | 0.93 | (0.70–0.93) | |||
| T3 | 193/27,860 | 0.74 | (0.60–0.91) | 102/27,951 | 0.79 | (0.59–1.05) | 91/27,962 | 0.66 | (0.51–0.69) | |||
| Theaflavins | 0.98 | (0.94–1.00) | 0.16 * | 0.96 | (0.91–1.01) | 0.15 * | 0.99 | (0.95–1.03) | 0.54 * | |||
| T1 | 258/32,924 | 0.22 | 143/33,039 | 0.36 | 115/33,067 | 0.40 | ||||||
| T2 | 141/22,774 | 0.92 | (0.74–1.14) | 63/22,852 | 0.89 | (0.65–1.21) | 78/22,837 | 0.953 | (0.71–0.95) | |||
| T3 | 203/27,858 | 0.89 | (0.74–1.07) | 103/27,958 | 0.89 | (0.69–1.15) | 100/27,961 | 0.889 | (0.68–0.89) | |||
| Proanthocyanidins | 0.97 | (0.95–0.99) | 0.18 * | 0.96 | (0.93–0.99) | 0.03 * | 0.98 | (0.95–1.02) | 0.29 * | |||
| T1 | 166/27,886 | 0.04 | 84/27,968 | 0.14 | 82/27,970 | 0.28 | ||||||
| T2 | 211/27,842 | 1.02 | (0.83–1.25) | 112/27,941 | 1.10 | (0.82–1.46) | 99/27,954 | 0.98 | (0.72–0.98) | |||
| T3 | 225/27,828 | 0.81 | (0.65–1.00) | 113/27,940 | 0.80 | (0.58–1.10) | 112/27,941 | 0.85 | (0.62–0.85) | |||
| Flavanones | 1.00 | (0.97–1.03) | 0.87 * | 1.01 | (0.97–1.05) | 0.62 * | 0.98 | (0.94–1.03) | 0.43 * | |||
| T1 | 206/27,846 | 0.89 | 101/27,951 | 0.20 | 105/27,947 | 0.25 | ||||||
| T2 | 228/27,825 | 1.06 | (0.88–1.28) | 113/27,940 | 1.10 | (0.84–1.44) | 115/27,938 | 1.02 | (0.78–1.02) | |||
| T3 | 168/27,885 | 1.01 | (0.82–1.24) | 95/27,958 | 1.21 | (0.91–1.60) | 73/27,980 | 0.83 | (0.61–0.83) | |||
| Flavones | 1.03 | (0.97–1.09) | 0.36 * | 1.03 | (0.95–1.11) | 0.46 * | 1.03 | (0.94–1.12) | 0.57 * | |||
| T1 | 192/27,860 | 0.29 | 103/27,949 | 0.44 | 89/27,963 | 0.48 | ||||||
| T2 | 213/27,840 | 1.138 | (0.93–1.39) | 104/27,949 | 1.048 | (0.79–1.39) | 109/27,944 | 1.24 | (0.93–1.24) | |||
| T3 | 197/27,856 | 1.124 | (0.90–1.10) | 102/27,951 | 1.128 | (0.83–1.53) | 95/27,958 | 1.12 | (0.82–1.12) | |||
| Flavonols | 0.94 | (0.90–0.99) | 0.02 * | 0.97 | (0.94–1.01) | 0.15 * | 0.97 | (0.94–1.00) | 0.05 * | |||
| T1 | 165/27,887 | 0.006 | 85/27,967 | 0.22 | 80/27,972 | 0.008 | ||||||
| T2 | 232/27,821 | 0.971 | (0.79–1.19) | 112/27,941 | 0.919 | (0.69–1.23) | 120/27,933 | 1.02 | (0.76–1.02) | |||
| T3 | 205/27,848 | 0.753 | (0.61–0.94) | 112/27,941 | 0.831 | (0.62–1.12) | 93/27,960 | 0.68 | (0.49–0.68) | |||
| Isoflavonoids | 1.00 | (0.96–1.03) | 0.98 * | 0.97 | (0.92–1.03) | 0.40 * | 1.02 | (0.98–1.06) | 0.44 * | |||
| T1 | 204/33,878 | 0.75 | 97/34,259 | 0.85 | 114/34,242 | 0.43 | ||||||
| T2 | 195/24,847 | 0.90 | (0.74–1.11) | 108/21,641 | 1.15 | (0.87–1.53) | 71/21,678 | 0.72 | (0.53–0.72) | |||
| T3 | 203/24,831 | 0.96 | (0.79–1.18) | 104/27,949 | 1.04 | (0.78–1.38) | 108/27,945 | 0.89 | (0.68–0.89) | |||
| Hydroxybenzoics acids | 1.00 | (0.99–1.01) | 0.80 * | 0.99 | (0.98–1.01) | 0.64 * | 1.00 | (0.99–1.02) | 0.94 | |||
| T1 | 162/27,890 | 0.01 | 84/27,968 | 0.07 | 78/27,974 | 0.09 | ||||||
| T2 | 212/27,841 | 0.85 | (0.69–1.05) | 110/27,943 | 0.84 | (0.63–1.13) | 102/27,951 | 0.86 | (0.64–0.86) | |||
| T3 | 228/27,825 | 0.76 | (0.62–0.94) | 115/27,938 | 0.76 | (0.56–1.02) | 113/27,940 | 0.77 | (0.57–0.77) | |||
| Hydroxycinnamics acids | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | 0.40 * | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | 0.48 * | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | 0.64 * | |||
| T1 | 130/27,922 | 0.36 | 54/27,998 | 0.18 | 76/27,976 | 0.95 | ||||||
| T2 | 223/27,830 | 1.07 | (0.86–1.33) | 127/27,926 | 1.42 | (1.03–1.96) | 96/27,957 | 0.80 | (0.59–0.80) | |||
| T3 | 249/27,804 | 1.11 | (0.89–1.38) | 128/27,925 | 1.32 | (0.95–1.83) | 121/27,932 | 0.95 | (0.71–0.95) | |||
| Stilbenes | 0.76 | (0.51–1.13) | 0.19 * | 0.81 | (0.49–1.35) | 0.47 * | 0.68 | (0.36–1.28) | 0.24 * | |||
| T1 | 140/27,912 | 0.02 | 67/27,985 | 0.34 | 73/27,979 | 0.01 | ||||||
| T2 | 200/27,853 | 0.85 | (0.68–1.06) | 99/27,954 | 0.86 | (0.63–1.19) | 101/27,952 | 0.83 | (0.61–0.83) | |||
| T3 | 262/27,791 | 0.73 | (0.57–0.94) | 143/27,910 | 0.84 | (0.59–1.19) | 119/27,934 | 0.64 | (0.45–0.64) | |||
| Lignans | 0.80 | (0.60–1.08) | 0.17 * | 0.80 | (0.53–1.20) | 0.33 * | 0.80 | (0.52–1.23) | 0.32 * | |||
| T1 | 202/27,850 | 0.14 | 111/27,941 | 0.06 | 91/27,961 | 0.93 | ||||||
| T2 | 172/27,881 | 0.73 | (0.59–0.90) | 91/27,962 | 0.71 | (0.53–0.95) | 81/27,972 | 0.75 | (0.55–0.75) | |||
| T3 | 228/27,825 | 0.84 | (0.69–1.03) | 107/27,946 | 0.75 | (0.56–0.99) | 121/27,932 | 0.95 | (0.71–0.95) | |||
| Sum of total individual polyphenols | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | 0.35 * | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | 0.12 * | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | 0.82 * | |||
| T1 | 127/27,925 | 0.22 | 88/27,964 | 0.11 | 73/27,979 | 0.93 | ||||||
| T2 | 234/27,819 | 0.99 | (0.80–1.23) | 114/27,939 | 1.00 | (0.74–1.33) | 111/27,942 | 1.13 | (0.82–1.13) | |||
| T3 | 241/27,812 | 0.880 | (0.70–1.10) | 107/27,946 | 0.79 | (0.57–1.08) | 109/27,944 | 0.954 | (0.68–0.95) | |||
| (Total polyphenols) | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | 0.11 * | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | 0.13 * | 1.00 | (1.00–1.00) | 0.49 * | |||
| T1 | 161/27,891 | 0.03 | 78/27,974 | 0.05 | 68/27,984 | 0.30 | ||||||
| T2 | 225/27,828 | 0.86 | (0.69–1.06) | 123/27,930 | 0.80 | (0.60–1.07) | 106/27,947 | 0.926 | (0.68–0.93) | |||
| T3 | 216/27,837 | 0.78 | (0.62–0.97) | 108/27,945 | 0.73 | (0.53–0.99) | 119/27,934 | 0.843 | (0.61–0.84) | |||
1 Models were adjusted for age (time-scale), BMI (kg/m2, continuous), physical activity (high, moderate, low), smoking status (never smokers, former smokers, occasional smokers, smokers), numbers of dietary records (continuous), alcohol intake (g/d, quintiles), energy intake (without alcohol, g/d, continuous), family history of cardiovascular diseases (yes/no), educational level (<high-school degree/≥ high-school degree), and season of completion of 24-h dietary records (spring/summer, fall/winter). 2 Sex-specific cut-offs for tertiles of total intakes of polyphenols were 744.6/1113.8 for women and 849.6/1239.2 for men. * p-Value for the continuous intakes of polyphenols classes or subclasses.