Table 2.
Associations between lifestyle behaviours, healthy ageing and survival.
| Healthy Ageing * Adjusted OR † (95% CI) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country/Lifestyle Behaviour | Physical Activity (Very or Fairly vs. Not Very or Never) | Smoking (Never vs. Former or Current) | Drinking Behaviour (Moderate Drinking vs. Never or Heavy Drinking) | Fruits/Vegetables Consumption (≥3 Servings in the Last Three Days vs. <3) |
| Cuba | 2.56 (1.93–3.41) | 0.97 (0.77–1.24) | 0.83 (0.57–1.20) | 1.41 (1.06–1.87) |
| Dominican Republic | 2.11 (1.46–3.04) | 1.03 (0.75–1.40) | 1.21 (0.68–2.17) | 1.35 (0.99–1.83) |
| Mexico | 2.98 (1.81–4.93) | 0.58 (0.37–0.90) | 1.09 (0.66–1.81) | 1.11 (0.73–1.68) |
| Peru | 2.32 (1.75–3.08) | 0.90 (0.62–1.30) | 0.70 (0.34–1.44) | 0.92 (0.66–1.29) |
| Puerto Rico | 6.30 (3.43–11.56) | 1.30 (0.85–1.97) | 1.80 (1.02–3.17) | 1.44 (0.94–2.21) |
| Pooled Effect | 2.59 (2.20–3.03) | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) | 1.04 (0.82–1.30) | 1.24 (1.06–1.44) |
| I2; p-value | 61.3%; 0.035 | 44.7%; 0.124 | 38.0%; 0.168 | 16.6%; 0.309 |
|
Survival *
Adjusted OR † (95% CI) |
||||
| Cuba | 2.29 (1.86–2.82) | 1.16 (0.92–1.45) | 1.04 (0.74–1.46) | 1.15 (0.92–1.44) |
| Dominican Republic | 1.82 (1.43–2.30) | 1.18 (0.93–1.50) | 1.36 (0.78–2.37) | 0.94 (0.75–1.19) |
| Mexico | 2.08 (1.50–2.86) | 0.94 (0.61–1.44) | 1.16 (0.74–1.80) | 1.17 (0.84–1.64) |
| Peru | 2.75 (1.90–3.63) | 1.20 (0.70–2.04) | 0.72 (0.33–1.60) | 1.06 (0.66–1.73) |
| Puerto Rico | 2.71 (2.02–3.63) | 1.34 (0.95–1.89) | 1.24 (0.73–2.09) | 1.45 (1.08–1.96) |
| Pooled Effect | 2.23 (1.98–2.52) | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) | 1.11 (0.90–1.37) | 1.13 (0.99–1.28) |
| I2; p-value | 34.4%; 0.192 | 0.0%; 0.807 | 0.0%; 0.737 | 21.9%; 0.275 |
Notes: CI: confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; I2: heterogeneity. *: healthy ageing compared to normal ageing or death; survival (healthy or normal ageing) compared to death; number of participants per country: Cuba: 2557, Dominican Republic: 1608, Mexico: 1633, Peru: 1392, Puerto Rico: 1554. †: models are adjusted for age, gender, education level and all other lifestyle behaviour variables.