Table 1.

Spices in different culture diets.

Diet Category	Spices	Prevalence of CVD	Reference
Western diet	Spice-free with salt and sugar	11–15%	[21]
Mediterranean diet	Anise, basil, bay, cardamom, cinnamon, chervil, chilis, chives, cloves, cumin, coriander, dill, fennel, fenugreek, garlic, mace, marjoram, mint, nutmeg, oregano, peppers, rosemary, saffron, sage, savoury, sumac, tarragon and thyme.	1.5–3.2%	[3,4,5,6,22,23,24]
Chinese diet	Cardamom, cinnamon, cumin, cloves, peppers, nutmeg, peppercorns, fennel, star anise, garlic, ginger, peppers and chili peppers.	5%	[7,8,21]
Indian diet	Cardamom, clove, cassia, peppers, cumin, coriander, nutmeg, mustard seed, fenugreek, turmeric, saffron and garlic.	7–11%	[9,21]
Arabic diet	Saffron, peppers, allspice, turmeric, garlic, cumin, cinnamon, parsley, and coriander.	7–12%	[10,21]