Table 1.
Characteristics of women 6 years after a GDM pregnancy. Women were divided into glucose tolerance groups based on OGTT at 6-year visit; type 2 diabetes (T2D) was determined by OGTT at time of diagnosis or at 6-year visit.
| NGT | IGT | T2D | P a | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | IGT vs. NGT | T2D vs. NGT | T2D vs. IGT | |
| Age (years) | 135 | 39.5 | 5.0 | 43 | 40.5 | 6.0 | 43 | 37.8 | 5.3 | 0.05 | ||
| Ethnicity (% Scandinavian) | 130 | 53.1 | 43 | 51.2 | 43 | 32.6 | 0.023 | |||||
| Education level (0–4) | 125 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 41 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 37 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.007 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 135 | 26.1 | 4.9 | 43 | 29.5 | 4.6 | 43 | 29.2 | 5.8 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 133 | 87.4 | 10.8 | 42 | 94.0 | 16.7 | 43 | 95.0 | 14.6 | 0.007 | 0.004 | |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 133 | 102.3 | 9.9 | 42 | 108.2 | 9.1 | 43 | 107.5 | 11.6 | 0.002 | 0.02 | |
| Body fat (%) | 59 | 32.9 | 7.9 | 16 | 40.5 | 6.6 | 12 | 38.5 | 13.2 | 0.007 | ||
| Fat mass (kg) | 59 | 23.4 | 9.5 | 16 | 32.3 | 10.7 | 12 | 31.8 | 15.8 | 0.01 | 0.04 | |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 59 | 45.6 | 5.4 | 16 | 46.0 | 6.7 | 12 | 45.9 | 6.0 | |||
| BP systolic (mmHg) | 134 | 114 | 13 | 43 | 123 | 14 | 43 | 119 | 14 | <0.001 | ||
| BP diastolic (mmHg) | 134 | 75 | 10 | 43 | 79 | 10 | 43 | 78 | 11 | |||
| s-Total cholesterol (mM) | 135 | 4.7 | 0.8 | 43 | 4.7 | 0.8 | 42 | 4.7 | 0.7 | |||
| s-HDL (mM) | 135 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 43 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 43 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.001 | 0.04 | |
| s-LDL (mM) | 135 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 43 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 43 | 3.0 | 0.6 | |||
| s-Triglycerides (mM) | 134 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 43 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 43 | 1.4 | 1.4 | <0.001 | ||
| Alcohol intake (g) | 111 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 34 | 2.8 | 4.3 | 22 | 1.8 | 3.2 | |||
| Smokers (%) | 126 | 19.8 | 37 | 13.5 | 34 | 11.8 | ||||||
| Glucose and insulin | ||||||||||||
| b-HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 135 | 37.1 | 3.7 | 42 | 38.4 | 3.9 | 43 | 52.7 | 19.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| p-Glucose fasting (mM) | 135 | 5.4 | 0.4 | 42 | 6.1 | 0.4 | 43 | 8.2 | 3.5 | 0.02 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| p-Glucose 2 h (mM) | 125 | 5.5 | 1.1 | 41 | 7.7 | 1.6 | 12 | 11.8 | 3.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| s-Insulin fasting (mU/L) | 131 | 8.1 | 4.2 | 42 | 14.7 | 9.4 | 43 | 12.9 | 7.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| s-Insulin 2 h (mU/L) | 119 | 45.0 | 37.8 | 39 | 87.8 | 57.7 | 12 | 85.3 | 58.4 | <0.001 | 0.008 | |
| HOMA-IR | 130 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 42 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 42 | 4.9 | 3.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.04 |
a Between-group comparisons based on ANOVA. b, whole blood; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; p, plasma; s, serum; SD, standard deviation.