Table 3.
Serum fatty acid (FA) composition 6 years after GDM, expressed as % of total FAs. Women were divided in glucose tolerance groups based on OGTT at 6 year visit; type 2 diabetes (T2D) was determined by OGTT at time of diagnosis or at 6-year visit.
| NGT (n = 135) | IGT (n = 43) | T2D (n = 43) | P a | Pa BMI-Adjusted | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | NGT vs. IGT | NGT vs. T2D | IGT vs. T2D | NGT vs. IGT | NGT vs. T2D | IGT vs. T2D | ||
| ω-3 PUFAs, % | |||||||||||||
| α-Linolenic acid | ALA (18:3n3) | 0.72 | 0.22 | 0.81 | 0.25 | 0.78 | 0.29 | ||||||
| Eicosapentaenoic acid | EPA (20:5n3) | 0.90 | 0.54 | 1.00 | 0.67 | 0.95 | 0.45 | ||||||
| Docosapentaenoic acid | DPA (22:5n3) | 0.41 | 0.09 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.45 | 0.12 | 0.007 | 0.036 | ||||
| Docosahexaenoic acid | DHA (22:6n3) | 1.77 | 0.61 | 1.72 | 0.61 | 1.70 | 0.64 | ||||||
| ω-6 PUFAs, % | |||||||||||||
| Linoleic acid | LA (18:2n6) | 30.1 | 3.8 | 27.6 | 3.8 | 27.1 | 4.2 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | ||
| γ-Linolenic acid | GLA (18:3n6) | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.38 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.14 | 0.004 | 0.011 | ||||
| Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid | DGLA (20:3n6) | 1.25 | 0.31 | 1.42 | 0.34 | 1.36 | 0.40 | 0.013 | |||||
| Arachidonic acid | AA (20:4n6) | 6.06 | 1.36 | 6.09 | 1.09 | 6.00 | 1.34 | ||||||
| MUFAs, % | |||||||||||||
| Palmitoleic acid | POA (16:1n7) | 1.42 | 0.50 | 1.77 | 0.70 | 1.68 | 0.80 | 0.004 | 0.042 | 0.026 | |||
| Vaccenic acid | (18:1n7) | 2.03 | 0.29 | 2.06 | 0.30 | 2.08 | 0.33 | ||||||
| Oleic acid | (18:1n9) | 22.6 | 2.6 | 23.9 | 3.1 | 23.7 | 3.8 | 0.03 | |||||
| Saturated FAs, % | |||||||||||||
| Myristic acid | (14:0) | 0.64 | 0.28 | 0.73 | 0.28 | 0.69 | 0.28 | ||||||
| Palmitic acid | (16:0) | 23.5 | 2.1 | 23.9 | 2.0 | 24.7 | 2.3 | 0.002 | 0.003 | ||||
| Stearic acid | (18:0) | 8.41 | 0.94 | 8.32 | 0.77 | 8.49 | 1.24 | ||||||
| Desaturase activity | |||||||||||||
| Delta-6 desaturase | D6D (DGLA/LA) | 0.047 | 0.015 | 0.058 | 0.016 | 0.056 | 0.017 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.010 | ||
| Delta-5 desaturase | D5D (AA/DGLA) | 5.3 | 1.9 | 4.7 | 1.7 | 4.8 | 1.7 | ||||||
| Stearoyl-CoA desaturase | SCD (16:1n7/16:0) | 0.060 | 0.018 | 0.073 | 0.024 | 0.067 | 0.027 | 0.003 | 0.02 | ||||
| Delta-9 desaturase | D9D (18:1n9/18:0) | 2.8 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 0.5 | 2.8 | 0.6 | ||||||
a Between-group comparisons based on ANOVA (P) and ANCOVA (BMI-adjusted P). BMI, body mass index; CoA, coenzyme A; GDM, gestantional diabetes mellitus; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SD, standard deviation.