Table 2.
The baseline clinical, physiological, and other parameters among the groups of subjects 1.
| CD (n = 6) | NCGS (n = 12) | Controls (n = 12) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proportion of women | 100% | 92% | 50% | 0.017 |
| CD in family, % | 67% | 17% | 8% | 0.017 |
| DQ2 or DQ8 positive, % | 83% | 50% | 42% | 0.217 |
| Severe abdominal bloating (Likert), % | 66% | 81% | NA | 0.121 |
| Severe abdominal pain (Likert), % | 50% | 42% | NA | 0.862 |
| Age in years (median, range) | 41.5 (25–73) | 24 (21–59) | 25.5 (23–64) | 0.077 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (range) | 21.8 (18–27) | 25.3 (21–30) | 25.2 (19–31) | 0.050 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL, median (range) | 12.3 (10.7–12.6) | 13.8 (12.1–14.6) | 13.8 (12.7–16) | 0.050 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL, median (range) | 151 (110–222) | 207 (116–323) | 198 (136–299) | 0.100 |
| HDL, mg/dL, median (range) | 38 (35–47) | 43 (29–51) | 36 (34–70) | 0.013 |
| LDL, mg/dL, median (range) | 91.8 (63–161) | 109 (75–143) | 106 (79–186) | 0.409 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL, median (range) | 69.5 (40–230) | 108 (62–270) | 154 (83–277) | 0.182 |
| AST, median (range) UI/mL | 29 (19–37) | 23 (8–44) | 26 (8–53) | 0.523 |
| ALT, median (range) UI/mL | 22 (10–39) | 19 (11–85) | 24 (11–51) | 0.895 |
| Eosinophils DLP, median (range) | 5 (0–22) | 1.5 (0–13) | 3.8 (0–11) | 0.392 |
| IEL in duodenum, median (range) | 24 (15–39) | 8 (0–22) | 6 (0–12) | 0.001 |
1p values come from the chi-squared test when comparing proportions (e.g., proportion of women) or the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test when comparing all other values. CD: Celiac disease; NCGS: non-celiac gluten sensitivity; DQ2 and DQ8 are haplotypes within the HLA-DQ serotyping system; BMI: body mass index; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; IEL: intraepithelial lymphocytes; DLP: duodenal lamina propria. NA: not applicable.