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. 2018 Nov 23;12:286. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00286

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Copyright © 2018 Provenzi, Brambilla, Borgatti and Montirosso.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representations of retrospective developmental human behavioral epigenetics (DHBE) study designs. Note. Type 1: concurrent assessment of epigenetics and outcomes; Type 2: concurrent assessment of epigenetics, care exposures and outcomes assessment; Type 3: retrospective exposure to adversity/care and concurrent assessment of epigenetics and outcomes. Gray boxes reflect retrospective measurements. Double-headed arrows reflect correlational nature of the association. Colored boxes reflect non-retrospective assessments. The annotation t_n refers to progressive time-points in the research study design.