Table 1.
The occurrence of mycotoxins in tea.
| Tea | Country | Mycotoxin Positive/All Samples | Mycotoxin Content, μg/kg | LOD/LOQ, µg/kg | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loose or Bricked Tea | |||||
| Black | Portugal | FBs: 16/18 | 80–280 (average *: 149) | 20/- | [19] |
| Turkey | FBs:5/51 | >LOD, <LOQ | 31/468 (FВ1), 103/1562 (FВ2) |
[29] | |
| Iran | AFL В1: 11/40 AFL В2: 2/40 AFLG1: 0/40 AFL G2: 3/40 Σ AFL: 11/40 |
average: 10 average: 12.1 |
1.0/- (AFL B1, G1), 0.2/- (AFL В2, G2) |
[30] | |
| Korea | AFL: 1/9 | 1.45 | -/- | [31] | |
| Russia | STC: 2/26 20 МТ: 0/26 |
0.4; 0.4 n.d. |
0.1-50/- | [32] | |
| Green | Turkey | FBs: 0/3 | n.d. | 31/468 (FВ1), 103/1562 (FВ2) |
[29] |
| Italy | AFL: 0/6 | n.d. | 0.5/- (AFL B1, G1) 0.2/- (AFL В2, G2) |
[20] | |
| Brazil | AFL: 1/9 | <LOQ | -/1 | [33] | |
| Russia | 21 МТ: 0/4 | n.d. | 0.1–50/- | [32] | |
| Germany | ОТА: 1/32 | 1.3 | -/- | [31] | |
| Red, White | Spain | AFL: 4/4 ** ОТА: 4/4 ** ZEN: 4/4 ** Т-2: 4/4 ** DON: 4/4 ** CIT: 3/4 ** FBs: 0/4 ** |
94.2–853.4 3.7–4.9 4.5–11.2 34.5–42.8 149.1–259.1 18.0–22.3 <LOD |
1.4 (ΣAFL) 0.025 (ОТА) 0.14 (ZEN) 0.28 (T-2) 14.8 (DON) 16.5 (CIT) 83 (FBs) |
[34] |
| White, Yellow, Green, Oolong, Black, Pu-erh, Herbal teas | Belgium, China | FВ1: 1/91 27 МТ: 0/91 |
76 n.d. |
2–122/- (raw tea), 0.4–46/-μg/L (beverage) |
[35] |
| Pu-erh | Austria | AFL В1, FBs:0/36, ОТА: 4/36 |
n.d. 0.65–94.7 (average: 3.08) |
1.7/- (Σ AFL), 10/- (FBs), 0.5/- (ОТА) |
[28] |
| China | AFL В1: 70/70 FBs: 70/70 ** Т-2: 70/70 ** DON: 70/70 ** |
0.02–8.5 16–499 5.2–47.7 357–2914 |
-/- AFL: HPLC-FLD (postcolumn deriv.) FBs, Т-2, DON: ELISA |
[36] | |
| China | AFL В1: 21/30 AFL В2: 4/30 AFLG1: 15/30 AFL G2: 3/30 |
0.4–15.1 0.1–6.3 0.4–19.0 9.9–56.6 |
-/- HPLC-FLD (precolumn deriv.) |
[37] | |
| Tea Bags | |||||
| Black | Italy | ОТА: 11/16 | 1.4–21.5 (average: 6.3) | 0.01 | [16] |
| Spain *** | 17 МТ: 0/12 | n.d. | LOD: 0.05–10 μg/L LOQ: 0.2–33 μg/L |
[38] | |
| Czech Republic | ОТА: 4/12 | 1.9–250 (average: 33.1) | LOD: 0.1, LOQ: 0.35 | [39] | |
| Green | Italy | ОТА: 14/16 | 0.1–20.0 (average: 7.2) | LOD: 0.01 | [16] |
| Spain *** | ENN В: 2/10 16 МТ: 0/10 |
~LOQ (~0.2 µg/L) n.d. |
LOD: 0.05–10 μg/L LOQ: 0.2–33 μg/L |
[38] | |
| Green + Mint | AFL В2: 6/8 AFL G1: 4/8 AFL G2: 4/8 15-acetyl DON: 2/8 13 МТ: 0/8 |
14.4–32.2 (average: 26) ~LOQ (~2.4 µg/L) 1.9–2.6 (average: 2.3) 60.5; 61 n.d. |
|||
| Red | 17 МТ: 0/14 | n.d. | |||
Notes: MT—mycotoxins, AFL—aflatoxin, FBs—fumonisins, FВ1—fumonisin В1, STC—sterigmatocystin, ОТА—ochratoxin А, DON—deoxynivalenol, ENN В—enniatin В, Т-2—Т-2 toxin, CIT—citrinin, ZEN—zearalenone; LOD—limit of detection, LOQ—limit of quantification, n.d.—not detected. * an average of all tested samples. ** sample contamination was examined by ELISA, the results are rather qualitative, than quantitative. *** mycotoxins were detected in brewed tea.