Table 2. Definitions of coded behaviours.

Behaviour	Definition
Approach posture
Neutral	Body relaxed, tail relaxed below the plane of the back.
Confident	Body rigid or relaxed, tail above or at the same level of the plane of the back.
Insecure	Tail between the legs (and wagging), and/or back (slightly) lowered, ears can be rearward, and the head can be lowered, approach can be jerky and/or cautious.
Friendly	Body relaxed, tail wagging horizontal or below the plane of the back.
Manipulation posture
Insecure	Tail between the legs, even wagging, or back lowered, ears can be rearward, and the head can be lowered, body can be rigid, and movement can be jerky.
Friendly	Tail wagging, not between the legs.
Confident	Body rigid or relaxed, tail above or at the same level of the plane of the back.
Behavioural states
Sniff	The subject smells or attempts to smell the object with its snout less than 10 cm from the object.
Manipulating	The subject physically manipulates the object using its paws, snout, mouth or any combination of the three and shows any of the ‘Manipulative Behaviours.’
Markers
Start	The subject places a paw inside the marked two m radius.
	1. The subject stops manipulating the object for 5 min or
End	2. The subject has not started manipulating the object for 5 min after making ‘First Contact’ or
	3. The subject has not made ‘First Contact’ 5 min after ‘Start.’
Manipulative behaviours
Nose	The subject moves the apparatus or tries to lift it with only its nose.
Bite	The subject bites the object/raises the object off the ground by holding it with its mouth by the chain, by the object’s surface or edges, or by the screws/pulls either the chain, the screws or the object’s surface or edges with its mouth.
1 Paw	The subject places its paw on the object without scratching it/uses one paw to scratch at the top of the object while attempting to move the object towards itself/away from itself/laterally.
1 Paw & bite	The subject places its paw on the object and simultaneously bites the object.
1 Paw & nose	The subject sniffs/lifts/pushes the object with its nose or licks the object while also manipulating the object with one paw.
Paws on	The subject places both paws on the top of the object and presses the object down.
Scratch	The subject scratches the object’s surface with both its paws by alternating them (without its paws touching the ground).
Scratch & bite	The subject scratches at the object with both its paws while simultaneously biting it.
Hold & bite	The subject holds and stabilizes the object with both paws on the sides of it or on the top of it for the pipe, while biting it on top.
Dig	The subject uses one or both of its paws to dig at the ground in immediate proximity of the object.
Other behaviours
Pee	The subject urinates on the object or on or inside the circle.
Lick	The subject licks the object.
Bark	The subject vocalizes at the object.
Withdraw	The subject jumps away from the object in a neutral or insecure posture after looking at it, approaching it, sniffing it, or manipulating it.
Lay down	The subject lays down or sits next to the object or inside the marked radius.