Table 2.
Screen time of the child. Results of multilevel model analyses on children′s screen time (min/day) (full model).
| Total (n = 9815) |
Belgium (n = 1581) |
Bulgaria (n = 2421) |
Finland (n = 1168) |
Greece (n = 1929) |
Hungary (n = 1564) |
Spain (n = 1152) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed Part | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) |
| Intercept | 117.97 (3.31) | 114.65 (4.47) | 121.14 (6.50) | 126.26 (4.66) | 119.32 (4.66) | 140.53 (10.48) | 89.38 (4.95) |
| BMI child | 1.21 (0.24) *** | 2.30 (0.74) ** | 1.42 (0.47) ** | ns | ns | ns | 2.15 (0.64) ** |
| BMI parent | 0.33 (0.15) * | ns | ns | ns | 0.79 (0.32) * | ns | ns |
| Age child | 5.79 (0.71) *** | 5.70 (1.69) ** | 8.82 (1.58) *** | 10.60 (1.64) *** | ns | ns | ns |
| Age parent | −0.40 (0.13) ** | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Sex child a | −10.37 (3.79) ** | −8.17 (2.95) ** | −9.33 (2.60) *** | −18.86 (3.01) *** | −11.98 (2.92) *** | ns | ns |
| Sex parent b | −8.78 (2.16) *** | −9.21 (4.46) * | ns | −10.85 (4.67) * | −12.72 (4.61) ** | ns | ns |
| PA level child | −3.33 (0.44) *** | ns | −4.05 (0.86) *** | −8.91 (1.24) *** | −3.32 (0.94) *** | ns | ns |
| PA level parent | 2.25 (0.33) *** | ns | 1.87 (0.68) ** | ns | ns | 3.99 (0.98) *** | ns |
| Co-TV viewing | 11.85 (3.69) *** | 19.51 (5.98) ** | ns | ns | ns | 28.46 (9.34) ** | 25.90 (8.24) ** |
| Co-TV viewing * Sex child | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Co-TV viewing * Sex parent | ns | ns | ns | ns | 20.29 (6.70) ** | ns | ns |
| Stratified analysis c | |||||||
| Father-child dyads (n = 250) | - | - | - | - | ns | - | - |
| Mother-child dyads (n = 1679) | - | - | - | - | 14.19 (2.40) *** | - | - |
| Co-TV viewing * Sex child * Sex parent | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | 26.00 (12.72) * | ns |
| Stratified analysis c | |||||||
| Son-father dyads (n = 84) | - | - | - | - | - | 33.09 (10.75) ** | - |
| Son-mother dyads (n = 667) | - | - | - | - | - | 18.18 (3.17) *** | |
| Daughter-father dyads (n = 74) | - | - | - | - | - | ns | - |
| Daughter-mother dyads (n = 739) | - | - | - | - | - | 22.94 (2.94) *** | - |
| Random part | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) |
| Country-level variance | 160.01 (37.28) *** | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| School-level variance | 0.00 (0.00) d | 64.07 (34.96) | 179.98 (72.77) * | 16.99 (20.07) | 32.00 (32.30) | 927.95 (390.41) * | 53.07 (36.07) |
| Class-level variance | 523.47 (214.20) * | 0.00 (0.00) d | 34.64 (40.45) | 0.00 (0.00) d | 81.16 (61.81) | 192.93 (80.44) * | 82.68 (57.01) |
| Individual-level variance | 3421.80 (217.64) *** | 3314.11 (119.81) *** | 3989.45 (120.05) *** | 2572.06 (107.45) *** | 3902.99 (134.92) *** | 5054.01 (187.23) *** | 2382.68 (108.62) *** |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. All analyses were adjusted for children’s and parents’ age, sex, BMI, and PA levels. Reference category = 0; a 0 = boy, 1 = girl; b 0 = man, 1 = woman. c For the stratified analyses, β (SE) of the variable of co-TV viewing is given; d an estimated variance of zero means that this level does not help explain any of the overall variability present in the data; ns = not significant.