Table 3.
Screen time of the parent. Results of multilevel model analyses on parents’ screen time (min/day) (full model).
| Total (n = 9830) |
Belgium (n = 1588) |
Bulgaria (n = 2420) |
Finland (n = 1165) |
Greece (n = 1931) |
Hungary (n = 1568) |
Spain (n = 1158) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed Part | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) |
| Intercept | 130.35 (3.92) | 139.14 (5.64) | 145.12 (7.64) | 124.11 (5.01) | 139.82 (6.06) | 125.40 (6.79) | 107.45 (6.51) |
| BMI child | −0.64 (0.29) * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| BMI parent | 1.28 (0.18) *** | 1.40 (0.50) ** | 1.06 (0.41) * | 1.85 (0.38) *** | 2.10 (0.42) *** | ns | 1.49 (0.49) ** |
| Age child | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Age parent | −0.94 (0.16) *** | ns | ns | −1.30 (0.33) *** | −0.80 (0.38) * | ns | 2.33 (2.28) *** |
| Sex child a | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
| Sex parent b | −22.11 (2.62) *** | −12.32 (5.82) * | ns | −20.21 (5.13) *** | −35.48 (6.02) *** | −27.36 (6.43) *** | −21.40 (6.61) ** |
| PA level child | ns | ns | ns | −3.86 (1.37) ** | ns | ns | 4.98 (1.40) *** |
| PA level parent | −0.97 (0.40) * | ns | ns | −2.45 (0.96) * | −1.98 (0.89) * | ns | ns |
| Co-TV viewing | 14.47 (4.43) ** | 16.33 (7.81) * | ns | 20.11 (8.41) * | ns | 39.18 (9.38) *** | ns |
| Co-TV viewing * Sex parent | ns | ns | ns | ns | 23.31 (8.76) ** | ns | ns |
| Stratified analysis c | |||||||
| Father-child dyads (n = 250) | - | - | - | - | ns | - | - |
| Mother-child dyads (n = 1681) | - | - | - | - | 18.89 (3.12) *** | - | - |
| Co-TV viewing * Sex child | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | -36.66 (12.19) ** | ns |
| Stratified analysis c | |||||||
| Parent-son dyads (n = 753) | - | - | - | - | - | 40.44 (9.66) *** | - |
| Parent-daughter dyads (n = 815) | - | - | - | - | - | ns | - |
| Co-TV viewing * Sex parent * Sex child | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | 37.19 (12.88) ** | ns |
| Stratified analysis c | |||||||
| Father – son dyads (n = 84) | - | - | - | - | - | 40.44 (9.66) *** | - |
| Father – daughter dyads (n = 73) | - | - | - | - | - | ns | - |
| Mother – son dyads (n = 669) | - | - | - | - | - | 28.72 (3.11) *** | - |
| Mother – daughter dyads (n = 742) | - | - | - | - | - | 27.20 (2.87) *** | - |
| Random part | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) |
| Country-level variance | 214.40 (51.03) *** | - | - | - | - | - | |
| School-level variance | 0.00 (0.00) d | 4.17 (34.71) | 42.57 (35.21) | 0.00 (0.00) d | 51.20 (52.11) | 59.59 (49.03) | 0.00 (0.00) d |
| Class-level variance | 846.67 (315.13) ** | 0.00 (0.00) d | 94.51 (73.52) | 0.00 (0.00) d | 79.18 (99.87) | 119.88 (69.54) | 0.00 (0.00) d |
| Individual-level variance | 4990.77 (319.73) *** | 5730.31 (206.16) *** | 6915.43 (208.17) *** | 3115.73 (129.10) *** | 6721.43 (231.96) *** | 5152.52 (190.49) *** | 4705.76 (195.57) *** |
p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. All analyses were adjusted for children’s and parents’ age, sex, BMI, and PA levels. Reference category = 0; a 0 = boy, 1 = girl; b 0 = man, 1 = woman. c For the stratified analyses, β (SE) of the variable of co-TV viewing is given. d an estimated variance of zero means that this level does not help explain any of the overall variability present in the data.