Table 2.
Distribution of the Food Variety Score (FVS), the Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), and the variety component with sub-components of the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I)
| Variety score and score components | Total | Rural Ghana | Urban Ghana | Europe |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 3810 | 870 | 1364 | 1576 |
| Food Variety Score (FVS) | 12.4 ± 0.05 | 10.9 ± 0.09 | 12.3 ± 0.08* | 13.4 ± 0.07* |
| Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) | 5.9 ± 0.02 | 5.3 ± 0.03 | 5.6 ± 0.04* | 6.3 ± 0.02* |
| Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) Variety | 15.7 ± 0.07 | 15.1 ± 0.14 | 15.6 ± 0.11* | 16.0 ± 0.10* |
| DQI-I overall food group variety (meat/poultry/fish/eggs; dairy/beans; grain; fruit; vegetable) | ||||
| ≥ 1 serving/day from each food group = 15 | 38.1 (36.6, 39.7) | 37.5 (34.3, 40.7) | 40.3 (37.7, 42.9) | 36.6 (34.2, 39.0) |
| Any one food group missing/day = 12 | 38.1 (36.5, 39.6) | 41.2 (37.9, 44.4) | 35.0 (32.5, 37.6) | 39.0 (36.6, 41.4) |
| Any two food groups missing/day = 9 | 17.7 (16.5, 18.9) | 16.3 (13.9, 18.8) | 16.7 (14.7, 18.7) | 19.3 (17.3, 21.2) |
| Any three food groups missing/day = 6 | 5.5 (4.8, 6.3) | 4.3 (2.9, 5.6) | 7.5 (6.1, 8.9) | 4.6 (3.5, 5.6) |
| ≥ 4 food groups missing/day = 3 | 0.6 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.8 (0.2, 1.4) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.9) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) |
| None from any food groups = 0 | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) |
| DQI-I within-food group variety for protein source (meat, poultry, fish, dairy, beans, eggs) | ||||
| ≥ 3 different sources/day = 5 | 64.9 (63.3, 66.4) | 50.5 (47.1, 53.8) | 63.9 (61.4, 66.5) | 73.6 (71.4, 75.8) |
| Two different sources/day = 3 | 2.6 (2.1, 3.1) | 3.0 (1.9, 4.1) | 2.7 (1.9, 3.6) | 2.3 (1.6, 3.0) |
| One source/day = 1 | 12.7 (11.6, 13.7) | 17.4 (14.8, 19.9) | 14.6 (12.7, 16.5) | 8.4 (7.0, 9.7) |
| None = 0 | 19.9 (18.6, 21.2) | 29.2 (26.2, 32.2) | 18.8 (16.7, 20.8) | 15.7 (13.9, 17.5) |
Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean or as percentages (95% confidence interval) of the study participants who fulfilled the scoring criteria. Comparisons with rural Ghana were made by Wilcoxon rank-sum test (* p < 0.01)