Table 1.
Descriptive statistics, mental health and addiction study cohort, Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatchewan (n = 129,932)
| Covariates (n) (%)/(mean) (SD) | Never high-cost n = 71,834 n (%) or mean (SD) |
Sometimes high-cost n = 51,643 n (%) or mean (SD) |
Persistent high-cost n = 6455 n (%) or mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age, years (SD) | 42 (15) | 51 (19) | 68 (17) |
| Sex | |||
| Female (57%) | 37,599 (52%) | 33,020 (64%) | 3639 (56%) |
| Male (43%) | 34,235 (48%) | 18,623 (36%) | 2816 (44%) |
| Location of residence | |||
| Urban (84%) | 60,668 (85%) | 42,799 (83%) | 5363 (83%) |
| Rural (15%) | 10,285 (14%) | 8281 (16%) | 1050 (16%) |
| Missing* (1%) | 881 (1%) | 563 (1%) | 42 (1%) |
| Primary mental health diagnosis | |||
| Substance-related disorders (15%) | 11,458 (16%) | 7067 (14%) | 676 (10%) |
| Schizophrenic disorders (5%) | 1025 (1%) | 3126 (6%) | 1707 (26%) |
| Mood/affective disorders (27%) | 19,594 (27%) | 15,376 (30%) | 1810 (28%) |
| Anxiety disorders (52%) | 39,524 (55%) | 25,928 (50%) | 2235 (35%) |
| Disorders of adult personality (1%) | 233 (1%) | 146 (1%) | 27 (1%) |
| Number of mental health conditions (mean; SD) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.8) | 2.0 (1.0) |
| Physician visits per year (mean; SD) | 5.5 (5.4) | 10.2 (8.6) | 24.7 (18.2) |
| Emergency department visits per year (mean; SD) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.4 (0.9) | 1.1 (2.1) |
| Number of hospitalizations per year (mean; SD) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.9) |
| At least 1 psychiatrist visit (16%) | 9222 (13%) | 8806 (17%) | 2294 (36%) |
| Mean healthcare cost per year ($; SD) | $557 ($745) | $3242 ($7467) | $28,320 ($35,003) |
| Income quintile | |||
| 1 (least affluent) (20%) | 13,799 (19%) | 11,180 (22%) | 1587 (25%) |
| 2 (18%) | 12,633 (18%) | 9033 (18%) | 1165 (18%) |
| 3 (20%) | 14,456 (20%) | 10,260 (20%) | 1263 (20%) |
| 4 (18%) | 12,927 (18%) | 9012 (17%) | 1013 (16%) |
| 5 (most affluent) (18%) | 13,113 (18%) | 8833 (17%) | 1028 (16%) |
| Missing* (6%) | 4906 (7%) | 3325 (6%) | 399 (5%) |
| Unstable housing (1%) | 412 (1%) | 691 (1%) | 163 (3%) |
| Connection to primary care doctor | |||
| Well connected (43%) | 27,196 (38%) | 25,202 (49%) | 3056 (47%) |
| Not well connected (57%) | 44,638 (62%) | 26,441 (51%) | 3399 (53%) |
| Select comorbid conditions | |||
| Diabetes (12%) | 4267 (6%) | 8635 (17%) | 2562 (40%) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (9%) | 3067 (4%) | 6662 (13%) | 2147 (33%) |
| Congestive heart failure (7%) | 905 (1%) | 5484 (11%) | 2645 (41%) |
| Coronary artery disease (11%) | 2346 (3%) | 9535 (19%) | 2843 (44%) |
| Asthma (9%) | 4990 (7%) | 5508 (11%) | 1097 (17%) |
| Died during study period (FY 2009–2015) (7%) | 686 (1.0%) | 4249 (8%) | 3515 (55%) |
| Long-term care resident | |||
| Yes** (4%) | 13 (0.02%) | 3074 (6%) | 2348 (36%) |
| No (96%) | 71,821 (99.8%) | 48,569 (94%) | 4107 (64%) |
*Modelled categorically as ‘missing’ in regression modelling
**Excluded from regression modelling