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Net reactions for biopolymer formation by condensation dehydration and biopolymer degradation by hydrolysis. a Protein. b RNA. c Polysaccharide. All biopolymers are chiral and directional with distinctive ends. Chiral centers (stars, shown in polymers only) and strand directionalities (arrows) are indicated. Blue boxes indicate (in toto) the atoms involved in the synthesis/degradation reactions. (Color figure online)
