Table 5.
Significant associations robust to false discovery rate correction between plasma chemical concentrations and neonatal umbilical circumference and upper arm and thigh lengths, NICHD Fetal Growth Studies - singletons, 2009–2013.
| Chemical | Umbilical circumference (cm) | Upper arm length (cm) | Upper thigh length (cm) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |||||||||||||
| (ng/ml) | Cohort | White | Black | Hispanic | Asian | Cohort | White | Black | Hispanic | Asian | Cohort | White | Black | Hispanic | Asian |
| OCPs: | |||||||||||||||
| HCB | 1.01** (0.31, 1.71) | 4.71†† (2.46, 6.95) | −0.61 (−1.94, 0.72) | −0.06 (−1.03, 0.91) | 0.003 (−0.10, 0.11) | 0.11 (−0.18, 0.40) | 0.46 (−0.48, 1.40) | −0.13 (−0.69, 0.42) | 0.10 (−0.31, 0.50) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.06) | 0.32 (−0.06, 0.69) | 1.43* (−0.21, 2.65) | −0.30 (−1.02, 0.42) | 0.13 (−0.40, 0.65) | 0.005 (−0.05, 0.06) |
| p,p′-DDE | 0.09 (−0.11, 0.29) | −0.20 (−0.76, 0.36) | 0.61* (0.14, 1.07) | −0.13 (−0.31, 0.05) | 0.10 (−0.12, 0.31) | −0.04 (−0.12, 0.05) | −0.01 (−0.24, 0.22) | −0.14 (−0.33, 0.06) | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.07, 0.11) | 0.11 (0.01, 0.22) | 0.51† (0.21, 0.81) | 0.02 (−0.23, 0.27) | 0.01 (−0.09, 0.11) | −0.09 (−0.20, 0.03) |
| PCBs: | |||||||||||||||
| 118/106 | 0.00 (−0.15, 0.14) | 0.01 (−0.22, 0.24) | 0.05 (−0.26, 0.35) | −0.04 (−0.46, 0.38) | −0.03 (−0.19, 0.12) | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.09) | −0.02 (−0.11, 0.08) | 0.04 (−0.09, 0.17) | 0.07 (−0.11, 0.24) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.08) | −0.12† (−0.20, −0.04) | −0.10 (−0.22, 0.02) | −0.15 (−0.31, 0.02) | −0.29* (−0.51, −0.06) | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.12) |
| 146/161 | 0.07 (−0.09, 0.23) | −0.07 (−0.41, 0.27) | 0.31 (−0.03, 0.65) | 0.02 (−0.36, 0.39) | 0.03 (−0.12, 0.18) | −0.04 (−0.11, 0.03) | 0.00 (−0.14, 0.14) | −0.03 (−0.17, 0.11) | −0.13 (−0.28, 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.06) | −0.14† (−0.23, −0.05) | −0.03 (−0.22, 0.15) | −0.27** (−0.45, −0.08) | −0.30** (−0.49, −0.09) | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.11) |
| PFASs: | |||||||||||||||
| N-MeFOSAA | −0.06 (−0.18, 0.06) | 0.15 (−0.11, 0.41) | −0.14 (−0.36, 0.07) | −0.28* (−0.52, −0.05) | 0.03 (−0.24, 0.3) | −0.06* (−0.11, −0.01) | −0.14** (−0.25, −0.04) | −0.03 (−0.11, 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.08) | −0.05 (−0.17, 0.06) | −0.09† (−0.16, −0.03) | −0.16* (−0.3, −0.02) | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.11) | −0.12 (−0.25, 0.01) | −0.08 (−0.23, 0.07) |
| PFDA | 0.07 (−0.05, 0.20) | 0.43† (0.19, 0.68) | −0.39†† (−0.6, −0.17) | −0.11 (−0.39, 0.18) | 0.36** (0.12, 0.6) | −0.09† (−0.14, −0.04) | −0.21†† (−0.31, −0.11) | −0.06 (−0.15, 0.03) | 0.07 (−0.05, 0.18) | −0.15** (−0.25, −0.05) | −0.14†† (−0.21, −0.07) | −0.32†† (−0.45, −0.19) | −0.18** (−0.3, −0.06) | −0.02 (−0.17, 0.14) | −0.07 (−0.17, 0.09) |
| PFDoDA | 0.15* (0.02, 0.29) | 0.41* (0.06, 0.77) | −0.34** (−0.59, −0.11) | 0.03 (−0.13, 0.19) | 0.52† (0.22, 0.83) | −0.06* (−0.12, 0.00) | −0.10 (−0.24, 0.05) | 0.03 (−0.07, 0.13) | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) | −0.22† (−0.35, −0.1) | −0.10** (−0.18, −0.03) | −0.17 (−0.36, 0.02) | −0.13* (−0.26, 0) | 0.00 (−0.09, 0.09) | −0.10 (−0.27, 0.06) |
| PFDS | −0.11 (−0.26, 0.05) | −0.14 (−0.5, 0.21) | −0.38†† (−0.59, −0.17) | −0.10 (−0.52, 0.32) | 0.20* (0.02, 0.38) | −0.07* (−0.13, 0.00) | −0.05 (−0.2, 0.1) | −0.09* (−0.18, 0) | −0.04 (−0.22, 0.13) | −0.11* (−0.16, −0.01) | −0.11** (−0.20, −0.03) | −0.29† (−0.49, −0.1) | −0.06 (−0.17, 0.06) | −0.08 (−0.3, 0.15) | −0.02 (−0.12, 0.08) |
| PFHpA | −0.13* (−0.25, −0.01) | 0.20* (0.02, 0.38) | −0.27 (−0.55, 0.02) | −0.07 (−0.29, 0.15) | −0.38** (−0.65, −0.11) | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.08) | −0.07 (−0.15, 0) | 0.08 (−0.04, 0.2) | 0.04 (−0.05, 0.14) | 0.05 (−0.06, 0.16) | −0.13†† (−0.20, −0.06) | −0.18†† (−0.28, −0.08) | −0.14 (−0.29, 0.01) | 0.03 (−0.09, 0.15) | −0.24** (−0.38, −0.09) |
| PFHxS | −0.26†† (−0.40, −0.13) | 0.08 (−0.12, 0.27) | −0.34** (−0.56, −0.12) | −0.36* (−0.64, −0.08) | −0.43* (−0.76, −0.1) | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.09) | 0.01 (−0.09, 0.07) | 0.05 (−0.04, 0.15) | 0.11 (−0.01, 0.22) | −0.01 (−0.15, 0.12) | −0.12† (−0.19, −0.05) | −0.09 (−0.19, 0.01) | −0.14* (−0.26, −0.02) | −0.02 (−0.18, 0.13) | −0.22* (−0.40, −0.04) |
| PFNA | 0.06 (−0.06, 0.18) | 0.25* (0.01, 0.49) | −0.20 (−0.42, 0.02) | −0.14 (−0.38, 0.09) | 0.33** (0.08, 0.58) | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.01) | −0.15** (−0.25, −0.05) | 0.06 (−0.03, 0.15) | 0.04 (−0.05, 0.14) | −0.12** (−0.23, −0.02) | −0.16†† (−0.22, −0.10) | −0.32†† (−0.45, −0.19) | −0.19** (−0.31, −0.08) | −0.06 (−0.19, 0.06) | −0.06 (−0.2, 0.07) |
| PFOA | −0.06 (−0.19, 0.07) | 0.15 (−0.05, 0.35) | −0.26 (−0.52, 0.01) | −0.19 (−0.45, 0.06) | 0.07 (−0.21, 0.35) | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | −0.11* (−0.19, −0.02) | 0.05 (−0.06, 0.16) | 0.07 (−0.03, 0.18) | −0.09 (−0.21, 0.02) | −0.19†† (−0.26, −0.12) | −0.26†† (−0.37, −0.15) | −0.22** (−0.36, −0.08) | −0.10 (−0.24, 0.04) | −0.18* (−0.33, −0.03) |
| PFOS | 0.04 (−0.09, 0.16) | 0.17 (−0.07, 0.41) | −0.26* (−0.49, −0.03) | −0.17 (−0.45, 0.11) | 0.40† (0.16, 0.65) | −0.04 (−0.1, 0.01) | −0.08 (−0.18, 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.13, 0.06) | 0.05 (−0.07, 0.17) | −0.10** (−0.21, 0) | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.04) | −0.20† (−0.33, −0.07) | −0.11 (−0.23, 0.02) | 0.11 (−0.05, 0.26) | 0.08 (−0.05, 0.22) |
| PFUnDA | 0.09 (−0.05,0.23) | 0.09 (−0.27,0.44) | − 0.27* (−0.48,− 0.06) | 0.06 (−0.28,0.40) | 0.49†† (0.28, 0.70) | −0.02 (−0.08,0.04) | −0.08 (−0.22,0.07) | 0.05 (−0.03,0.14) | 0.14* (0, 0.29) | −0.19†† (−0.28,−0.10) | −0.15†† (−0.23,−0.07) | −0.32†† (−0.51,−0.13) | −0.14* (−0.25,−0.02) | −0.07 (−0.25,0.12) | −0.07 (−0.19,0.04) |
NOTE: Restricted to significant findings robust to false rate discovery (FDR) correction shown in boldface; however, all significant findings are presented in Supplemental Table 3. Models were adjusted for maternal age, education, pre-pregnant body mass index, serum cotinine, serum lipids (except PFASs), infant sex, and a chemical-maternal race/ethnic interaction term. Chemicals were log-transformed and scaled by their standard deviations for analysis. Mode of delivery was additionally adjusted for in head circumference models. CI, confidence interval; HCB, hexachlorobenzene; N-MeFOSAA, N-methylperfluoro-1-octanesulfonamidoacetic acid; OCPs, organochlorine pesticides; PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls; PFASs, poly- and per-fluorinated alkyl substances; PFDS, perfluorodecane sulfonate; PFHpA, perfluoroheptanoic acid; PFHxS, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFUnDA, perfluoroundecanoic acid; p,p′-DDE, p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; p,p′-DDT, p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.
p < 0.05.
p≤ 0.01.
FDR p < 0.05.
FDR p ≤ 0.01.