Table 4.

An overview of the targets for the interventions, the corresponding intervention components and outcome measures^a

Target	Intervention component directed at the target	Measured construct (measurement tool)
Knowledge and beliefs  Pain coherence  Back Pain Beliefs  Expectations  Fear of movement	Patient education Exercise sessions Motivation to engage in general physical activity	Illness Perceptions (B-IPQ) [146, 147] Fear of movement (FABQ) [148, 149]
Skills and performance  Ability to vary back movements and move freely  Strength  Mobility  Physical capacity	Exercise sessions Motivation to engage in general physical activity	Perceived ability to perform exercises (single item) Physical fitness (Self-assessed physical capacity analogue scale) [150] Muscle endurance [135], flexibility [133, 151], and sit-to-stand [152]
Self-efficacy  Perceived ability to manage pain	Patient education Exercise sessions Motivation to engage in general physical activity	Self-efficacy (Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale) [153]
Self-management success  Daily activities  Quality of life  Pain	Patient education Exercise sessions Motivation to engage in general physical activity	Disability (Oswestry Disability Index) [154, 155] General health, social functioning and mental health (SF-36) Pain interference (B-IPQ) [148, 149, 156] Pain intensity (NRS 0–10) [157]
System Outcomes  Health care utilisation  Sick leave	Patient education Exercise sessions Motivation to engage in general physical activity	Visits to health care providers, imaging, pain medication and sick leave (Danish national registries) [158, 159]

^aDetails of the effect, evaluation and outcome measures are reported elsewhere (Kongsted A, Ris I, Kjaer P, Vach W, Morso L, Hartvigsen J: GLA:D® Back: Implementation of group-based patient education integrated with exercises to support self-management of back pain. Protocol for a hybrid effectiveness-implementation study, submitted)