Table 2.
Effect of Season and Vitamin D on Bone Markers.
| Winter_1 | Summer | Winter_2 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 35 | 35 | 35 | |
| Gender (M/F) | 23/12 | |||
| Age (years) | 52.6 ± 11.6 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.6 ± 3.8 | 31.4 ± 5.2 | 31.3 ± 5.4 | 0.84 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 123.0 ± 14.5 | 125.8 ± 8.7 | 122.9 ± 11.0 | 0.60 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79.1 ± 7.1 | 79.4 ± 7.4 | 76.5 ± 7.0 | 0.33 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 9.8 ± 2.0 | 12.2 ± 1.6 | 11.1 ± 1.6 | 0.29 |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.71 ± 0.33 | 1.0 ± 0.15 | 0.91 ± 0.10 | 0.87 |
| Insulin (IU/mL) | 22.6 ± 1.3 | 31.0 ± 1.4 | 33.2 ± 1.6 | 0.06 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 0.32 | 2.4 ± 0.11 | 2.5 ± 0.25 | 0.11 |
| Corrected Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.3 ± 0.22 | 2.4 ± 0.13 * | 2.5 ± 0.19 # | 0.012 |
| 25-OH Vitamin D (nmol/L) | 31.0 ± 1.3 | 64.0 ± 1.4 * | 53.7 ± 1.2 * | <0.001 |
| Osteocalcin (ng/mL) | 5.7 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 1.7 | 5.7 ± 1.8 | 0.27 |
| Osteoprotegerin (pg/mL) | 527.1 ± 1.4 | 489.2 ± 1.4 | 476.3 ± 1.4 | 0.31 |
| Osteopontin (ng/mL) | 2.3 ± 0.46 | 4.2 ± 0.36 | 5.5 ± 0.56 * | 0.011 |
| Crosslaps (ng/mL) | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.1 | 0.28 |
Data represented as Mean ± SD; * Group is significantly different from First Winter; # Group is significantly different from Summer.