Table 1.
Summary of the antioxidant effects of honey in different tissues.
| Tissue/Study design | Oxidative stress status | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Honey | ||
| GIT | |||
| Rats with TNBS-induced colitis | ↑ MDA; ↑ MPO; ↓ SOD; ↓ CAT; ↓ GPx and ↓ GSH | ↓ MDA; ↓ MPO; ↑ SOD; ↑ CAT; ↑ GPx and ↑ GSH | 63,64 |
| Liver | |||
| Rats or mice with trichlorfon-, NEM- or CCl4-induced liver injury or obstructive jaundice | ↑ GPx; ↑ CAT; ↓ GSH; ↑ MDA and TAC | ↓ GPx; ↓ CAT; ↑ GSH; ↓ MDA and TAC | 44,69,74,76,77 |
| Pancreas | |||
| Rats with STZ-induced diabetes | ↑ SOD; ↑ GPx; ↓ CAT and ↑ MDA | ↓ SOD; ↑ CAT; ↓ GPx and ↓ MDA | 82,83,84 |
| Kidney | |||
| Rats with STZ-induced diabetes (diabetic SD) or with CCl4-induced nephrotoxicity | ↑ MDA; ↓ TAS; ↓ CAT; ↓ GPx; ↓ GST; ↓ GR; ↑ SOD and ↓ GSH | ↓ MDA; ↑TAS; ↑ CAT; ↑ GPx; ↑ GST; ↑ GR; ↓ SOD and ↑ GSH | 15,77,88,90,91 |
| Rats with hypertension (SHR) | ↑ MDA; ↑ GST; ↑ TAS and ↑ CAT | ↓ MDA; ↓ GST; ↓ TAS and ↓ CAT | 94,102 |
| Rats with diabetes (diabetic WKY) | ↔ MDA; ↔ CAT; ↑ GPx; ↔ GR; ↓ TAS and ↔ GSH/GSSG | ↔ MDA; ↔ CAT; ↔ TAS; ↓ GPx; ↓ GR and ↑ GSH/GSSG | 99,100 |
| Rats with both diabetes and hypertension (diabetic SHR) | ↔ MDA; ↓ CAT; ↓ GPx; ↓ GR; ↓ TAS; ↔ GSH and ↔ GSH/GSSG | ↔ MDA; ↔ CAT; ↑ GPx; ↑ GR; ↑ TAS; ↑ GSH and ↑ GSH/GSSG | 99,100 |
| Plasma/serum | |||
| MNU-induced oxidative stress | ↑ MDA and ↑ NO | ↓ MDA and ↑ NO | 117 |
| Alloxan- or STZ-induced diabetic rats or non-diabetic rats | ↓ GPx; ↓ NO and ↑ formation of glycated products (fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin) | ↑ GPx; ↑ NO; ↑ TAS and ↓glycated products (fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin) | 44,51,69,119 |
| Reproductive organs | |||
| Testis of rats exposed to cigarette smoke | ↑ MDA; ↓ TAS; ↓ SOD; ↓ CAT and ↑ GPx | ↓ MDA; ↓ GPx; ↑ TAS; ↑ SOD; ↑ CAT and ↑ GSH | 123 |
| Seminal oxidative stress in male cyclists undergoing intensive cycling training | ↓ TAS; ↓ SOD and ↓ CAT | ↓ MDA; ↓ ROS; ↑ SOD, ↑ CAT and ↑ TAS | 126 |
| Other tissues or cells | |||
| Whole blood and erythrocytes of young (2 months) and middle-aged (9 months) rats | Whole blood: ↑ DNA damage; Erythrocytes: ↓ GPx and ↑ CAT | ↓ DNA damage ↑ GPx and ↓ CAT | 44,69 |
| In a cultured endothelial cell line | ↑ ROS and ↓ GSH | ↓ ROS and ↑ GSH | 42 |
| In inflammation | ↑ NO and ↑ prostaglandin E(2) | ↓ NO; ↓ prostaglandin E(2) and ↓ inflammation | 136,137 |
TNBS, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NEM, N-ethylmaleimide; TAC or TAS, total antioxidant capacity or status; 8-IP, 8-isoprostane; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; glutathione S-transferase; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; GSH, reduced glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; MDA, malondialdehyde; ↑ = increased/enhanced; ↓ = reduced/attenuated; ↔ = no significant effect.