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Absorption spectra of β-carotene (β-Car) oxidized or reduced radicals (from left to right) including adduct radical ([β-Car···PyS]•, ∆) [37], neutral radical (β-Car•, ▲) [37], dication (β-Car2+, ■)[43], radical anion (β-Car•–, ○) [42], ion-pair or exciplex ([β-Car•+···CHCl3•−]or [Car···CHCl3]*, ●) [43], and radical cation (β-Car•+, □) [43].
