Table 1.
Summary of recent antioxidant herbal products reported to be neuroprotective in experimental models of Parkinson’s disease.
| Plant name/species | Extract/ constituent | Dose | Toxin/tested subjects | Biological activity and targets | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chrysanthemum indicum | Ethanol extract | 1, 10 and 100 µg | MPP+/SH-SY5Y cells | Regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio & decreasing, inhibition of free radicals and oxidative stress | [80] [43] |
| Gastrodia elata | Vanillyl alcohol | 1, 10 and 20 µM | MPP+/MN9D cells | Regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio & decreasing oxidative stress | [90] |
| Methanol extract | 500 or 1,000 mg/kg | Methamphetamine/C57BL/6J mice | Decrease oxidative stress | [91] | |
| Ginseng | Aqueous extract | 0.01, 01 and 0.2 mg/mL | MPP+/SH-SY5Y cells | Decrease in Cytochrome c, Caspace-3 activation & ROS generation | [101] |
| Panaxatriol saponins | 100 mg/kg, twice daily for 7 days | MPTP/Kunming mice | Improvement in behavioral impairments caused by MPTP | [102] | |
| Polygala tenuifolia | Aqueous extract | 0.05-µg/mL and 100 mg/kg | 6-OHDA/PC12 cells and MPP+/ C57BL/6 mice | Decrease in ROS & protection of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons | [106] |
| Tenuigenin | 10 µM | 6-OHDA/SH-SY5Y cells | Increased expression of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) | [107] | |
| Bacopa monnieri | Standardized aqueous extract | 10 mg/mL | MPP+, paraquat/ SK-N-SH cells | Decrease in intracellular ROS & upregulation of Nrf2 | [111] |
| Standardized aqueous extract | 0.05 and 0.1% | Rotenone/Drosophila melanogaster flies | Ablation of oxidative stress and dopamine depletion | [112] | |
| Ethanolic extract | 2, 4 and 6 µg/1 mg/kg b.w./day, i.p. | Rotenone/N27 cell and prepubertal mice | Decrease oxidative stress & increase Anti-oxidant defense | [116] | |
| Ethanolic extract | 0.5 and 1.0 µg | 3-nitropropionicAcid/prepubertal mice | Scavenge free radicals, maintain redox status, and upregulate antioxidant machinery. | [115] | |
| Hyoscyamus niger | Seed extract | 125–500 mg/kg, p.o. | MPTP/Male Balb/c mice | Alleviation of motor deficits produced by MPTP and inhibition of hydroxyl radical | [1211] |
| Hibiscus asper | Methanolic extract | 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p., daily, for 7 days | 6-HDA/Wistar rats | Increased antioxidant defense system like GSH and SOD & decreased MDA levels | [123] |
| Melissa officinalis | Aqueous extract | 100 mg/kg/day in the drinking water | Manganeese/ Male albino mice | Decrease in thiobarbituric acid & Increased SOD and catalase | [126] |
| Cassia obtusifolia | Seed extract | 0.1-10 µg/mL/50 mg/kg, 15 days | 6-OHA/PC12 cells and MPTP/Male C57BL/6 mice | Inhibition of GSH depletioncaspase-3 activation/Decreased T-turn and T-LA time in pole test | [128] |
| Seed extract | 1.0 and 10 µg | NMDA, 3-NP, Amyloid β/ Hippocampal cultures from C57Bl/6 mice | Reduce excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and Aβ toxicity. regulation and maintenance of cellular homeostasis and apoptosis | [129] | |
| Croton celtidifolius | Bark | 10 mg/kg, i.p. | MPTP/Wistar rats | Prevention of mitochondrial complex-I inhibition & improvement in memory deficits | [132] |
| Gynostemma pentaphyllum | Gypenosides | 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg | MPTP/C57BL/6 mice | Increase in SOD and GSH content & survival of nigral dopaminergic neurons | [177] |
| Thuja orientalis | Ethanolic leaf extract | 10 µg/mL | 6-OHDA/SH-SY5Y cells | Decrease in ROS production | [143] |
| Paullinia cupana | Seed powder | 0.312 and 0.625 mg/mL | Rotenone/SH-SY5Y cells | Survival of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to rotenone | [151] |
| Mulberry | Ethanol extract | 1, 10 and 100 µg/mL/500 mg/mL | 6-OHDA/SH-SY5Y cells and MPP+/Male C57BL/6 mice | Decrease in ROS, NO & Caspase-3 generation/Improvement in behavioral deficits | [162] |
| Ginkgo biloba | EGb761 extract | 40 mg/kg | MPTP/C57BL/ 6J mice | Decrease in lipid peroxidation, increase in striatal dopamine and locomotor activity | [164] |
| Uncaria rhynchophylla | Aqueous extract | 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 µg ( in vitro) and 5 mg/kg/day for 14 days (in vivo) | 6-OHDA/PC12 cells and6-OHDA/ Sprague–Dawley rats | Reduced cell death, generation of ROS, increased GSH levels, and inhibited caspase-3 activity. Lowered dopaminergic cell loss, antioxidative and anti-apoptotic activities. | [165] |
| Trifolium pretense | Aqueous extract | 0.5, 1 and 2 µg/mL | hydrogen peroxide/HCN 1-A cells | Antioxidant activity | [166] |
| Salvia miltiorrhiza | Salvianolic acid B | 0.1, 1.0 and 10 µM | 6-OHDA/SH-SY5Y cells | Redox regulation and antioxidant effect | [167] |
| Hypericum perforatum | Flavonoid rich extract | 3.125, 12.5 and 25 µg/mL | hydrogen peroxide/PC12 cells | Elevated the cell viability decreased the levels of LDH release and decreased the occurrence of apoptotic cells. Antioxidant and apoptotic activity | [178] |
| Fraxinus sieboldiana | 6,7-di- O-glucopyranosyl-esculetin | 0.1, 1 and 10 µM | Dopamine/SH-SY5Y cells | Redox regulation and antioxidant properties | [179] |
| Scutellaria baicalensis | Baicalein | 0.05, 0.5 and 5 µg/mL | 6-OHDA/SH-SY5Y cells and Sprague–Dawley rats | Antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities | [169] |
| Withania somnifera | Aqueous root extract | 100 mg/kg | MPTP/ C57BL/6 mice | Regulation of redox status and antioxidant effects | [170] |
| Cyperus rotundus | Aqueous rhizome extract | 50 and 100 µg /mL | 6-OHDA/PC12 cells | Antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities | [174] |
| Delphinium denudatum | ethanolic extract | 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg | 6-OHDA/Rats | Regulation of antioxidative enzymes and antioxidant effects | [175] |
| Ilex paraguariensis | Hydro-alcoholic extract | 250 and 500 mg/kg | MPTP/C57BL/6 mice | Antioxidant activity | [176] |