Table 1.
ESC surface markers.
| SSEAs markers | Characteristics | Classification | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| SSEA-1 (CD15/Lewis x) | Murine embryos, mouse ES cells, mouse and human germ cells, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells | Carbohydrate-associated molecules | [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11] |
| SSEA-3 | Primate ES cells, human embryonic germ cells, human ES cells, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells | Carbohydrate-associated molecules | |
| SSEA-4 | Primate ES cells, human embryonic germ cells, human ES cells, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells | Carbohydrate-associated molecules | |
| CD markers | |||
| CD324 (E-Cadherin) | Human ES cells, mouse ES cells, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells | Surface marker (Binding to integrin alphaE/beta7, homotypic interactions mediate cell adhesion) | [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21] |
| CD90 (Thy-1) | Human ES cells, mouse ES cells, hematopoietic stem cells, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells | Surface marker (hematopoietic stem cell and neuron differentiation, T activation) | |
| CD117 (c-KIT, SCFR) | Human ES cells, mouse ES cells, hematopoietic stem progenitors, neural crest-derived melanocytes, primordial germ cells, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells | Surface marker (Stem Cell Factor receptor) | |
| CD326 | Human ES cells, mouse ES cells, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells | Surface marker (function as growth factor receptor or adhesion molecule) | |
| CD9 (MRP1, TM4SF DRAP-27, p24) | Human ES cells, mouse ES cells | Surface marker (cell adhesion, migration, T co-stimulation) | |
| CD29 (β1 integrin) | Human ES cells, mouse ES cells | Surface marker | |
| CD24 (HAS) | Human ES cells, mouse ES cells | Surface marker (T co-stimulation, CD62P receptor) | |
| CD59 (Protectin) | Human ES cells, mouse ES cells | Surface marker (binds complement C8 and C9, blocks membrane attack complex assembly) | |
| CD133 | Human ES cells, mouse ES cells, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, Hematopoietic stem cells | Surface marker | |
| CD31 (PECAM-1) | Human ES cells, mouse ES cells | Surface marker (CD38 receptor, signaling, platelet-endoth adhesion) | |
| CD49f (Integrin α6/CD29) | Human ES cells, mouse ES cells | Membrane receptors | [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31] |
| Markers | |||
| TRA-1-60 | Human ES cells, teratocarcinoma, embryonic germ cells, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells | Surface antigen | [8,32,33,34,35] |
| TRA-1-81 | Human ES cells, teratocarcinoma, embryonic germ cells, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells | Surface antigen | |
| Frizzled5 | Human ES cells, mouse ES cells | Seven transmembrane-spanning G-protein-coupled receptor | [36,37,38,39,40] |
| Stem cell factor (SCF or c-Kit ligand) | ES cells, mouse ES cells, Hematopoietic stem cells, Mesenchymal stem cells, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells | Cytokine, exist both as a transmembrane protein and a soluble protein | [41,42] |
| Cripto (TDGF-1) | Mouse ES cells, human ES cells, cardiomyocyte, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells | Receptor for the TGF- β signaling pathway | [43,44] |