Table 5.
Tumor stem cell markers.
| Overlapping with ESCs | Characteristics | Classification | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| SSEA-1 (CD15/ Lewis x) | Brain tumor stem cells | Surface marker | [240] |
| SSEA-3 | Breast cancer stem cells, breast Cancer | Surface marker | [202] |
| SSEA-4 | Breast Cancer, epithelial ovarian carcinoma | Surface marker | [241] |
| TRA-1-60 | Germ cell tumor | Surface marker | [32,34] |
| CD133 | Pancreatic exocrine cancer; colon cancer; glioma; | Surface marker | [204,242,243,244,245] |
| CD29 | Mouse mammary cells | Surface marker | [246] |
| CD24 | Breast tumor, tumor invasion, prostate cancer | Surface marker | [217,218,247] |
| CD90 | Hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines | Surface marker | [248] |
| CD9 (DRAP-27, MRP-1, p24) | Small cell lung cancer | Tetraspanin superfamily | [209,210,211] |
| CD59 | Lung cancer, breast cancer | Membrane attack complex inhibition factor | [213,214,215] |
| CD326 (EpCAM) | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Wnt-B-catenin signaling target gene | [249] |
| Nanog | Brain and other kinds of cancer stem cells | Transcription factors | [194] |
| SOX2 | Breast cancer stem cells, breast tumor | Transcription factors | [221] |
| OCT4 | Bladder cancer, Lung Cancer stem cells | Transcription factors | [220,250] |
| KLF4 | Breast cancer stem cells | Transcription factors | [222,251] |
| Rex1 (Zfp42) | Prostate Cancer, Renal cell carcinoma | Zinc-finger protein-42 | [223,224] |
| UTF-1 | Testicular germ cell tumours | Undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor 1 | [225] |
| ZFX | Gastric cancer | Zinc-finger protein family | [226] |
| LEF1 | Prostate cancer, lymphoblastic leukemia | Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor | [230,231,252] |
| SALL4 | Breast cancer, leukemogenesis, testicular germ cell tumors | Transcription factor | [253,254,255] |
| ECAT9 (Gdf3) | Melanoma, Breast Carcinoma, Seminoma, germ cell tumors | TGFβ superfamily, BMP inhibitor | [216,256,257] |
| DPPA2 (ECSA) | Lung Cancer | DNA-binding protein | [229] |
| HMGA2 | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, bladder cancer | Architectural transcription factors | [227,228] |
| NAC1 | Breast, renal cell, and hepatocellular carcinoma | Nuclear factor | [126,127] |
| Cripto | Broad range of tumors | Extra-cellular plasma membrane growth factor | [14,17] |
| Stat3 | A number of human tumor | Transcription factor | [138,139,258] |
| Tumor stem cell markers | |||
| ALDH1 | Lung tumor | Surface marker | [232] |
| Musashi-1 | Endometrium tumor stem cells | Neural stem cell regulatory protein | [233] |
| LgR5 | Esophageal adenocarcinomas | G-protein coupled receptor | [234] |
| DCAMKL-1 | Intestinal neoplasia; adenoma stem cells | Related to β-catenin | [236] |
| TIM3 | Myeloid leukemia (AML) stem cell | Surface marker | [237] |
| Brca1 | Mammary tumor | Human caretaker gene | [238] |
| SDF-1, CXCR4 | Homing of stem cells and metastasis of cancer cells | Cell factor | [239] |
| PSCA | Prostate cancer | Cell surface antigen | [235] |
| CD96 | leukemic stem cells | Surface marker | [206] |
| CD44 | Breast tumor, tumor invasion, prostate cancer | Surface marker | [217,218,247] |
| CD45 | Hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines | Surface marker | [248] |