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Diagram of ECO-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. ECO induced a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential which facilitated the exclusion of AIF, Endo G and cytochrome c from mitochondria. The formation of apoptosomes by cytochrome c activated caspase-9 which subsequently activated the caspase-3. PARP and ICAD, the downstream substrates of caspase-3, was cleaved or downregulated by the activated caspase-3, respectively, and thus induces DNA fragmentations, leading to apoptosis.
