Table 1.

Overview over cellulose derivatives, in ionic liquids (ILs).

Entry	Substituent (Cell-OR)	DS a	ILs b	Comments c	Ref.
	carbamates
1	phenyl carbamate	0.5–3.0	BMIMCl		[36]
		0.3–3.0	BMIMCl	- derivatization of bacterial cellulose	[37]
2	3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl carbamete	0.43, 2.95	BMIMCl	- hydrolysis of ethoxysilyl groups directly after synthesis	[38]
	carboxylic acid esters
3	acetate	0.9–2.8	AMIMCl		[39,40]
		1.9–3.0	BMIMCl, EMIMCl, BDMIMCl, ADMIMBr		[36,41]
		0.7–3.0	BMIMCl	- derivatization of bacterial cellulose	[37]
4	propionate/butyrate/… and mixed esters	≈0.5–2.9	ABIMCl, BMIMAc, DOHMIMAc, HMIMAc, MOEMIMAc	- cellulose esters and mixed esters prepared- microwave irradiation (partly)- also pentanoates and hexanoates prepared	[42,43,44]
		1.4–2.7(DSoverall)	AMIMCl	- acetate-butyrates and acetate-propionates prepared- derivatization of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse	[45]
		0.5–2.9(DSoverall)	BMIMAc, BMIMCl, BMIMDMP, BMIMPr, EMIMAc, TBMADMP	- cellulose esters and mixed esters prepared- co-solvents applied (partly)- also mixed esters with benzoate prepared	[16,17,18,19,20]
		0.2–2.5	BMIMCl, EMIMAc	- heterogeneous conversion with gaseous ketenes- acetates, propionates, and pentanoates prepared	[21]
5	benzoates	1.0–3.0	AMIMCl		[46]
6	fuorate	0.5–3.0	BMIMCl	- activation of carboxylic acid with N,N’-carbonyldiimidazole (partly)	[47]
7	laurate	0.3–1.5	BMIMCl	- phase separation with increasing DS	[36]
8	stearate	2.2–2.6	BMIMCl		[48]
9	pivalate, adamantate, trimethylbenzoate	0.9–1.4	AMIMCl	- comparison with DMA/LiCl and DMSO/TBAF	[49]
10	succinate, phthalate	0.2–2.5	AMIMCl, BMIMCl	- derivatization of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse- catalysts applied - co-solvents utilized (partly)	[50,51,52,53]
11	glutarate	0.3–1.2	BMIMCl	- ultrasound irradiation	[54]
12	carboxylates containing amino groups	0.1-1.2	BMIMCl	- tosyl chloride used to form reactive intermediates- co-solvents utilized	[55,56]
13	oxy-carboxylic acid esters	0.1–3.0	AMIMCl, BMIMCl, EMIMCl	- activation of oxy-carbonic acid with N,N’-carbonyldiimidazole- derivatization of bacterial cellulose (partly)	[57]
14	2-halo carboxylate macro-initiators	0.6–1.0	AMIMCl	- co-solvents utilized- bromo compounds utilized	[58,59,60]
		0.3–1.9	BMIMCl	- chloro compounds utilized	[61]
15	dehydroabiatate	1.4–1.9	BMIMBr	- catalyst applied	[62]
16	pyro-pheophorbide	0.07	AMIMCl	- activation of acid with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole	[63]
	ethers
17	hydroxethyl/hydroxypropyl	0.1–2.2	BMIMCl, BDMIMCl, BDTAC, EMIMAc	- co-solvents utilized	[64,65]
18	trityl/methoxytrityl	0.8, 1.8	AMIMCl	- pyridine utilized as base and co-solvent	[66]
		0.8–1.4	BMIMCl	- pyridine utilized as base and co-solvent	[67]
19	carboxymethyl	0.49	BMIMCl	- co-solvents utilized- heterogeneous (solid NaOH used as base)- gel-like system formed	[36]
		n.a.	BMIMCl	- heterogeneous (solid NaOH used as base)	[68]
20	trimethylsilyl	0.4–2.9	BMIMCl, EMIMAc	- co-solvents utilized	[69]
		0.2–3.0	BMIMCl, BMIMAc, BMIMBz, BMIMPr, EMIMAc, EMIMDEP	- heterogeneous derivatization (polar and non-polar liquid phase)	[70]
	sulfuric/sulfonic acid esters
21	sulfate	0.1–1.5	AMIMCl, BMIMCl, EMIMCl	- co-solvents utilized	[71,72]
		1.3–1.7	BMIMCl	- co-solvents utilized	[73]
22	tosylate	0.1–1.1	AMIMCl, BMIMCl	- co-solvents utilized, reaction at 25 °C	[74]
		0.84	AMIMCl	- reaction at 10 °C	[63]
	deoxy cellulose derivatives
23	chloro-deoxy	0.8–1.l	BMIMCl	- co-solvent utilized- strong polymer degradation	[75]
	grafts
24	graft-poly(L-lactide)	0.7–2.7(1.4–4.5) d	AMIMCl	- grafting by ring-opening of L-lactide- 4-dimethylamino pyridine applied as catalyst	[76]
25	graft-poly(acrylic acid)	n.a.	BMIMCl	- initiation by persulfate - microwave irradiation	[77]
26	graft-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)	n.a.	BMIMCl	- initiation by γ-ray irradiation	[78]
27	graft-poly(methyl methacrylate)	0.3–1.9	BMIMCl	- derived from 14 by atom transfer radical polymerization	[61]

^a Range of degrees of substitution (DS), n.a.: no information available; ^b Cations: ABIM⁺: 1-allyl-3-butylimidazolium, ADMIM⁺: 1-allyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, AMIM⁺: 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium, BDMIM⁺: 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, BMIM⁺: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, BDMTA⁺: benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium, DOHMIM⁺: 1-(3,6-dioxa-(1-heptyl))-3-methylimidazolium, EDMIM⁺: 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, EMIM⁺: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, EMPIP⁺: 1-ethyl-1-methylpiperidinium, HEMIM⁺: 1-hydroxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium, HMIM⁺: 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium, MOEMIM⁺: 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium, TBMA⁺: tributylmethylammonium, TEMA⁺: triethtylmethylammonium, anions: Ac⁻: acetate, Br⁻: bromide, Bz⁻: benzoate, Cl⁻: chloride, DEP^-:diethylposphate, DEP⁻: dimethylposphate, Fo⁻: formate, MPo⁻: methylphosphonate, Pr⁻: propionate; ^c Completely homogeneous conversion, if not noted otherwise; ^d Values in braces represent degree of polymerization of the grafted chain.