Table 3.
Standardized measures in Study 3 used for the convergent and divergent validity analyses
| Measure | Reference | No. of Items | Response Scale | Sample Item |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine Gender Role Stress | (Eisler & Skidmore, 1987) | 31 | 7 point: ‘Not at all stressful’ to ‘Extremely stressful’ | “Being perceived as having feminine traits.” |
| Rusbult Investment Model Scale | (Rusbult, Martz, & Agnew, 1998) | 9 point: ‘Do not agree at all’ to ‘Agree completely’ | ||
| Satisfaction | 5 | “My relationship is close to ideal.” | ||
| Commitment | 7 | “I want our relationship to last for a very long time.” | ||
| Quality of Alternatives | 5 | “My needs for intimacy, companionship, etc., could easily be fulfilled in an alternative relationship.” | ||
| Internal Control Index | (Duttweiler, 1984) | 28 | 5-point: ‘Rarely Less than 10% of the time)’ to ‘Usually More than 90% of the time)’ | “I ______ decide to do things on the spur of the moment.” |
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | (Radloff, 1977) | 20 | 4-point: ‘Rarely or none of the time’ to ‘Most or all of the time’ | “I felt hopeful about the future.” |
| Communication Patterns Questionnaire | 9-point: ‘Very unlikely’ to ‘Very likely’ | |||
| Mutual Constructive Communication | (Heavey, Larson, Christensen, & Zumtobel, 1996) | 6 | “During a discussion of a relationship problem, both of us express our feelings to each other.” | |
| Mutual Avoidance & Withholding | (Christensen & Shenk, 1991) | 3 | “When some problem in the relationship arises, both of us avoid discussing the problem.” | |
| Dyadic Trust | (Larzelere & Huston, 1980) | 8 | 7-point: ‘Strongly disagree’ to ‘Strongly agree’ | “I feel that I can trust my partner completely.” |
| Anxiety | (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983) | 6 | 5-point: ‘Not at all’ to ‘Extremely’ | “In the past week how much have you been bothered by nervousness and shakiness inside?” |
| Conceptions of Masculinity | (Halkitis, Green, & Wilton, 2004) | 5-point: ‘Completely disagree’ to ‘Completely agree’ | ||
| As Physical Appearance | 4 | “Well-built men give the impression of masculinity at first sight.” | ||
| As Sexual Behavior | 4 | “A masculine man has lots of sex.” | ||
| As Social Behavior | 6 | “I watch my behavior to make sure that I act masculine around other gay men.” | ||
| Social Dominance Orientation | (Weber & Federico, 2007) | 8 | 7-point: ‘Strongly disagree’ to ‘Strongly agree’ | “Some groups of people are simply inferior to others.” |
| Lifetime Discrimination | (Meyer, Frost, Narvaez, & Dietrich, 2006) | 32 | Varies | “ ver your lifetime, how often have you experienced people acting as if as if they are better than you are?” |
| Outness | (Meyer et al., 2006) | 5 | 4 point: ‘Out to none’ to ‘Out to all’ | “How much are you out of the closet to your family?” |
| Internalized homophobia | (Meyer et al., 2006) | 10 | 4-point: ‘Often’ to ‘Never’ | “In the past year, how often have you felt that being gay, homosexual or queer is a personal shortcoming?” |
Note: For all scales above, higher scores represent higher levels of the characteristic under consideration. To achieve this, appropriate items within each scale were reverse-scored prior to computing the composite score.