Table 3.
Antifungal chemosensitization of KA (mM) to PCS (μg/mL) tested against filamentous fungi: summary of CLSI-based microdilution bioassays a.
| Strains (Human pathogens and A. nidulans) | Compounds | MIC alone | MIC combined | FICI |
| A. fumigatus AF293 | KA | 64 | 16 | 0.3 |
| PCS | >16 b | 1 | ||
| A. fumigatus MYA-3626 | KA | >64 c | 16 | 0.4 |
| PCS | >16 | 8 | ||
| A. fumigatus AF10 | KA | 64 | 16 | 0.4 |
| PCS | >16 | 4 | ||
| A. fumigatus 92-245 | KA | >64 | 16 | 0.4 |
| PCS | >16 | 8 | ||
| A. fumigatus 94-46 | KA | >64 | 16 | 0.4 |
| PCS | >16 | 8 | ||
| A. terreus UAB673 | KA | 64 | 8 | 0.1 |
| PCS | >16 | 0.5 | ||
| A. terreus UAB 680 | KA | 64 | 8 | 0.2 |
| PCS | >16 | 1 | ||
| A. nidulans A4 | KA | >64 | 32 | 0.5 |
| PCS | >16 | 8 | ||
| Acremonium sp. 95-103 | KA | 64 | 16 | 0.8 |
| PCS | 0.25 | 0.125 | ||
| Scedosporium sp. 09-246 | KA | 64 | 4 | 0.2 |
| PCS | 1 | 0.125 | ||
| Mean | KA | 89.6 | 14.8 | 0.3 |
| PCS | 25.7 | 3.9 | ||
| t-test d | KA | - | p < 0.005 | - |
| PCS | - | p < 0.005 | - | |
| Strains (Human pathogens and A. nidulans) | Compounds | MFC alone | MFC combined | FFCI |
| Acremonium sp. 95-103 | KA | >64 | 32 | 0.5 |
| PCS | 2 | 0.5 | ||
| All other strains | KA | >64 | >64 | 2 |
| PCS | >16 | >16 | ||
| Mean | KA | 128 | 118.4 | 1.9 |
| PCS | 29 | 28.9 | ||
| t-test | KA | - | p < 0.5 | - |
| PCS | - | p < 1.0 | - | |
| Strains (Penicillium strains) | Compounds | MIC alone | MIC combined | FICI |
| P. expansum FR2 | KA | >64 | 16 | 0.4 |
| PCS | 2 | 0.5 | ||
| P. expansum FR3 | KA | >64 | 32 | 0.8 |
| PCS | 2 | 1 | ||
| P. glabrum 766 | KA | >64 | 32 | 0.4 |
| PCS | >16 | 4 | ||
| P. digitatum 786 | KA | >64 | 2 | 0.5 |
| PCS | 0.25 | 0.125 | ||
| P. italicum 983 | KA | >64 | 16 | 0.3 |
| PCS | >16 | 4 | ||
| Mean | KA | 128 | 19.6 | 0.3 |
| PCS | 13.7 | 1.9 | ||
| t-test | KA | - | p < 0.005 | - |
| PCS | - | p < 0.5 | - | |
| Strains (Penicillium strains) | Compounds | MFC alone | MFC combined | FFCI |
| P. glabrum 766 | KA | >64 | 64 | 1 |
| PCS | >16 | 16 | (99.8%) | |
| P. italicum 983 | KA | >64 | 64 | 1 |
| PCS | >16 | 16 | (99.8%) | |
| All other strains | KA | >64 | > 64 | 2 |
| PCS | >16 | >16 | ||
| Mean | KA | 128 | 102.4 | 1.6 |
| PCS | 32 | 25.6 | ||
| t-test | KA | - | p < 0.5 | - |
| PCS | - | p < 0.5 | - |
a MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration, MFC: Minimum fungicidal concentration, FICI: Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Indices, FFCI: Fractional Fungicidal Concentration Indices. Synergistic FICIs and FFCI were in bold. b PCS was tested up to 16 μg/mL. For calculation purpose, 32 μg/mL (doubling of 16 μg/mL) was used. c KA was tested up to 64 mM. For calculation purpose, 128 mM (doubling of 64 mM) was used. d Student’s t-test for paired data (combined, i.e., chemosensitization) was vs. mean MIC or MFC of each compound (alone, i.e., no chemosensitization) determined in strains (Calculation was based on [39]).