Table 3.

Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from wild (WSE) and cultivated samples (CSE) of D. palmatum and cynaroside ^a.

Method b	WSE	CSE	Cynaroside
TAC, mg caffeic acid g−1	312.44 ± 6.87 i	284.63 ± 5.69 i	623.16 ± 13.08 ii
DPPH• SA, IC50, μg/mL	12.73 ± 0.31 iii	18.62 ± 0.45 iii	17.63 ± 0.38 iii
ABTS•+ SA, IC50, μg/mL	6.35 ± 0.16 iv	10.78 ± 0.28 iv	9.38 ± 0.23 iv
Br• SA, mg cynaroside g−1	389.74 ± 8.18 v	247.86 ± 4.95 v	1000
O2•−-SA, IC50, μg/mL	19.37 ± 0.50 vi	28.63 ± 0.77 vi	14.84 ± 0.41 vi
CBA, IC50, μg/mL	1.64 ± 0.05 vii	3.38 ± 0.11 vii	10.28 ± 0.35 viii
NO-IA, IC50, μg/mL	29.33 ± 1.20 ix	41.77 ± 1.67 ix	>100
H2O2-IA, mM g−1	2.03 ± 0.09 x	1.18 ± 0.05 x	0.52 ± 0.03 x
Fe-CA, IC50, μg/mL	30.91 ± 1.08 xi	48.11 ± 1.62 xi	>100
FRAP, mM Fe2+ g−1	22.25 ± 0.85 xii	12.22 ± 0.48 xiii	9.53 ± 0.47 xiii
EM-SA, IC50, μg/mL	14.07 ± 0.70 xiv	51.60 ± 2.68 xv	25.67 ± 1.23 xiv

^a Average of three analyses (±SD); ^b TAC—total antioxidant capacity; DPPH^• SA—DPPH^• radical scavenging activity; ABTS^•+ SA—ABTS^•+ radical scavenging activity; Br^• SA—Br^• radical scavenging activity; O₂^•− SA—superoxide anion radical scavenging activity; CBA—carotene bleaching assay; NO-IA—NO inactivating activity; H₂O₂-IA—H₂O₂ inactivating activity; Fe-CA—Fe²⁺ chelating activity; FRAP—ferric reducing antioxidant power; EM-SA—erythrocyte membrane stabilising activity. All values correspond to mean values ± standard deviation of three replicates. Values with different letters (i–xiv) indicate statistically significant differences among groups at p < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA.