Table 4.
Phenolic profiles of berry skins under rain-shelter cultivation (T1) and open-field cultivation (T2) in the 2010 and 2011 vintages.
| Phenolic compound | [M+]/[M-H]− (Frag. MS2 m/z) | Vintage 2010 | Vintage 2011 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T1 | T2 | ||
| Anthocyanins (mg ME/kg DW) | |||||
| Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside | 465 (303) | 686.03 ± 50.84 b | 1055.62 ± 85.37 a | 462.09 ± 40.27 b | 623.96 ± 59.64 a |
| Delphinidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside | 507 (303) | 236.87 ± 20.67 b | 373.17 ± 15.84 a | nd | 152.18 ± 17.96 |
| Petunidin-3-O-glucoside | 479 (317) | 682.10 ± 73.49 b | 1126.87 ± 60.35 a | 523.99 ± 40.54 b | 664.54 ± 52.67 a |
| Petunidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside | 521 (317) | 173.63 ± 21.44 b | 327.61 ± 33.72 a | 106.56 ± 17.33 b | 246.49 ± 20.67 a |
| Petunidin-3-O-(6-O-coumaroyl)-glucoside | 625 (317) | 336.26 ± 16.56 a | 52.27 ± 3.78 b | nd | nd |
| Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | 449 (287) | 90.70 ± 7.45 a | 72.47 ± 8.30 b | 41.72 ± 5.34 a | 41.93 ± 3.33 a |
| Peonidin-3-O-glucoside | 463 (301) | 462.35 ± 12.84 a | 455.16 ± 20.35 a | 318.21 ± 25.84 a | 295.78 ± 16.47 ab |
| Peonidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside | 505 (301) | 406.28 ± 51.35 b | 703.86 ± 47.84 a | 211.29 ± 14.67 a | 180.44 ± 15.45 b |
| Peonidin-3-O-(6-O-coumaroyl)-glucoside | 609 (301) | 50.14 ± 6.84 | nd | nd | nd |
| Malvidin-3-O-glucoside | 493 (331) | 5964.82 ± 231.42 b | 8975.48 ± 476.53 a | 6206.61 ± 366.67 b | 7444.34 ± 425.56 a |
| Malvidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside | 535 (331) | 2937.81 ± 118.48 b | 5380.51 ± 234.84 a | 3174.80 ± 102.43 b | 3729.39 ± 229.33 a |
| Malvidin-3-O-(6-O-coumaroyl)-glucoside | 639 (331) | 5340.91 ± 346.76 b | 9299.04 ± 513.90 a | 4677.49 ± 194.33 a | 3800.57 ± 260.65 b |
| Malvidin-3-O-(6-O-caffeoyl)-glucoside | 655 (331) | nd | 673.65 ± 41.14 | 308.05 ± 37.24 b | 395.37 ± 29.56 a |
| Sum of anthocyanins | 17385.36 ± 1556.34 b | 28524.33 ± 3011.30 a | 16167.67 ± 837.67 b | 17575.00 ± 964.35 a | |
| Flavan-3-ols (mg CE/kg DW) | |||||
| (+)-Catechin | 289 (245, 205, 179) | 59.40 ± 4.89 b | 86.17 ± 10.84 a | 61.63 ± 6.31 a | 68.72 ± 4.54 a |
| (-)-Epicatechin | 289 (245, 205, 179) | 32.87 ± 3.92 b | 59.23 ± 4.76 a | 33.77 ± 2.67 b | 69.37 ± 5.23 a |
| Gallocatechin | 305 (179) | 61.32 ± 3.87 a | 35.39 ± 4.12 b | 15.61 ± 1.34 b | 17.41 ± 0.84 a |
| dimer(epi)gallocatechin-(epi)catechin | 593 (425) | 0.53 ± 0.08 b | 0.75 ± 0.10a | tr | 0.50 ± 0.10 |
| Procyanidin dimmer | 577 (425, 407, 289) | 217.77 ± 16.45 a | 225.56 ± 10.89 a | 117.62 ± 12.89 a | 125.35 ± 14.36 a |
| Procyanidin trimer | 865 (713, 577, 289) | 209.83 ± 12.35 b | 241.15 ± 16.45 a | nd | 142.09 ± 10.69 |
| Sum of flavan-3-ols | 581.72 ± 30.67 b | 648.23 ± 40.56 a | 228.61 ± 15.82 b | 423.44 ± 24.45 a | |
| Flavonols (mg QE/kg DW) | |||||
| isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside | 477 (315) | 506.931 ± 36.48 a | 533.86 ± 41.22 a | nd | nd |
| isorhamnetin-3-O-galactoside | 477 (315) | 12.23 ± 1.45b | 25.72 ± 1.76a | nd | tr |
| Flavonols (mg QE/kg DW) | |||||
| quercetin-3-O-hexoside | 463 (301) | nd | 13.45 ± 0.97 | 32.82 ± 2.34 | nd |
| quercetin-3-O-glucuronide | 477 (301) | 147.67 ± 13.33 a | 136.18 ± 14.52 a | 86.05 ± 6.67 a | 119.15 ± 10.48 a |
| quercetin-3-O-galactoside | 463 (301) | 333.57 ± 29.35 a | 319.57 ± 20.67 a | 204.88 ± 19.59 b | 329.10 ± 18.84 a |
| quercetin-3-O-rutinoside | 609 (301) | 254.88 ± 13.33 b | 286.73 ± 19.56 a | 91.99 ± 11.48 b | 166.04 ± 14.57a |
| dihydroquercetin-3′-O-rhamnoside | 449 (303) | 207.60 ± 15.27 a | 125.78 ± 10.44 b | 84.63 ± 6.42 a | 60.49 ± 10.76 b |
| laricitrin-3-O-galactoside | 493 (331) | 92.11 ± 16.46 a | 47.99 ± 6.79 b | 23.27 ± 3.46 a | 23.90 ± 2.32 a |
| laricitrin-3-O-glucoside | 493 (331) | 164.39 ± 28.54 b | 241.15 ± 30.21 a | 72.54 ± 6.48 b | 100.59 ± 14.39 a |
| myricetin-3-O-galactoside | 479 (317) | 253.73 ± 11.25 b | 286.31 ± 13.47 a | 238.61 ± 20.36 a | 224.28 ± 17.54 a |
| kaempferol-3-O-galactoside | 447 (285) | 76.22 ± 7.26 b | 114.28 ± 10.44 a | 197.26 ± 26.48 b | 337.65 ± 36.48 a |
| Sum of flavonols | 2049.31 ± 94.48 b | 2131.01 ± 106.25 a | 1032.04 ± 84.29 b | 1361.19 ± 116.84 a | |
| Stilbenes (mg RE/kg DW) | |||||
| trans-resveratrol | 227 (185, 159) | 7.72 ± 0.76 b | 11.63 ± 1.27 a | 4.36 ± 0.48 b | 8.69 ± 1.45 a |
| trans-Piceid | 389 (227) | 5.64 ± 1.49 a | 7.12 ± 1.74 a | 4.21 ± 0.85 b | 7.96 ± 1.44 a |
| Sum of stilbenes | 13.36 ± 1.54 b | 18.75 ± 1.63 a | 8.57 ± 1.01 b | 16.65 ± 2.46 a | |
| Hydroxybenzoic acids (mg GAE/kg DW) | |||||
| hexose ester of vanillic acid | 329 (167) | 54.66 ± 8.48 b | 80.86 ± 9.38 a | 31.05 ± 1.56 a | 31.94 ± 3.00 a |
| Syringic acid | 197 (153) | 91.83 ± 11.23 a | 103.24 ± 16.19 a | 105.40 ± 20.58 a | 126.07 ± 29.34 a |
| hexose ester of protocatechuic acid | 315 (153) | 4.79 ± 0.52 a | 3.55 ± 0.38 a | 0.28 ± 0.05 | nd |
| Sum of hydroxybenzoic acids | 150.02 ± 10.38 b | 188.87 ± 21.67 a | 136.74 ± 18.49 a | 158.01 ± 20.21 a | |
| Hydroxycinnamic acids (mg CAE/kg DW) | |||||
| hexose ester of ferulic acid | 355 (193) | 2.16 ± 0.28 b | 4.41 ± 0.33 a | 3.13 ± 0.97 a | 4.08 ± 0.89 a |
| Sum of hydroxycinnamic acids | 2.16 ± 0.28 b | 4.41 ± 0.33 a | 3.13 ± 0.97 a | 4.08 ± 0.89 a | |
| Sum of flavonoids | 20016.39 ± 1996.38 ab | 31303.57 ± 2910.86 a | 17428.32 ± 1489.65 b | 19359.63 ± 1480.46 a | |
| Sum of nonflavonoids | 165.53 ± 17.43 b | 212.02 ± 10.67 a | 148.45 ± 20.37 ab | 178.74 ± 16.33 a | |
| Sum of phenolics | 20181.92 ±2053.76 ab | 31515.59 ± 3219.34 a | 17576.77 ± 1524.63 b | 19538..37 ± 1805.33 a | |
Values are means of duplicate determination ± S.D. nd, means not detected. tr, means trace. Different letters in each row of total concentrations are significantly different at the 0.05 level according to ANOVA.