Table 1.

Effect of FA on protein thiol group and protein carbonyl content in BSA incubated with glucose, fructose, and ribose at week 4. AG was used as positive control. The results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3). * p < 0.05 when compared to BSA, ** p < 0.05 when compared to BSA+Glucose, BSA+Fructose or BSA+Ribose.

Experimental groups	Protein thiol group	Protein carbonyl content
	(nmol/mg protein)	(nmol/mg protein)
BSA	0.92 ± 0.03	0.26 ± 0.04
BSA+Glu	0.75 ± 0.02 *	2.03 ± 0.06 *
BSA+Glu+FA 1 mM	0.80 ± 0.02	1.26 ± 0.04 **
BSA+Glu+FA 3 mM	0.83 ± 0.02	1.07 ± 0.03 **
BSA+Glu+FA 5 mM	0.85 ± 0.03	0.89 ± 0.04 **
BSA+Glu+AG 1 mM	0.88 ± 0.02 **	1.16 ± 0.06 **
BSA+Fruc	0.66 ± 0.03 *	2.98 ± 0.08 *
BSA+Fruc+FA 1 mM	0.70 ± 0.03	1.88 ± 0.04 **
BSA+Fruc+FA 3 mM	0.74 ± 0.01	1.68 ± 0.06 **
BSA+Fruc+FA 5 mM	0.79 ± 0.02	1.41 ± 0.03 **
BSA+Fruc+AG 1 mM	0.85 ± 0.04 **	1.77 ± 0.06 **
BSA+Rib	0.50 ± 0.01 *	6.97 ± 0.09 *
BSA+Rib+FA 1 mM	0.61 ± 0.02	5.19 ± 0.09 **
BSA+Rib+FA 3 mM	0.66 ± 0.05 **	4.93 ± 0.07 **
BSA+Rib+FA 5 mM	0.70 ± 0.02 **	4.64 ± 0.06 **
BSA+Rib+AG 1 mM	0.83 ± 0.02 **	4.79 ± 0.06 **