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. 2013 Jan 4;18(1):666–681. doi: 10.3390/molecules18010666

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© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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The expression of cAMP protein in thalamus and cortex of control group (normal saline), mitragynine (15 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg), morphine (5 mg/kg) and combination groups (5 mg/kg Mor + 15 mg/kg; 5 mg/kg Mor + 25 mg/kg) for 9 days treatment. Each column represents expression of cAMP in pmol/ml. Values are statistically siginficant at p < 0.05. a: Morphine alone treated group when compared with control group and b: mitragynine and combination treated group compared with morphine alone (p < 0.05).