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. 2013 Mar 18;18(3):3502–3528. doi: 10.3390/molecules18033502

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© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Genetic code reprogramming using the FIT system [22]. Peptides are ribosomally synthesized in this system through the activity of a fully reconstituted in vitro translation reaction. Amino acids or other factors can be omitted from the reaction as desired. The figure depicts a reaction in which 5 canonical amino acids (Phe, Leu, Ile, Thr and Met) have been omitted from the system to create the vacant codons. Addition of the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNAs charged with non-canonical amino acid by flexizymes (in this instance chloroacetyl-d-tryptophane: ClAc-d-Trp and four N-methyl amino acids: ^MeX) enables for “reprogramming” of codons to ribosomally synthesize peptides that contain the designated non-canonical amino acids.