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. 2013 Feb 7;18(2):2150–2165. doi: 10.3390/molecules18022150

Table 3.

Volatile compounds in the headspace of the grilled Longissimus dorsi from Saanen goat and cross Suffolk lamb.

Compound Mean concentration (ng/100 g) a P b Standard error LRI c ID d
Goat Lamb
LIPID-DERIVED COMPOUNDS
Hydrocarbons
Pentane f,g 10 2 * 1.34 500 A
3-Methylpentane e,g 22 17 * 1.21 <600 B
Benzene f,g 3 2 NS 0.17 657 A
Heptane f,g 7 2 * 0.75 700 A
Toluene f,g 17 14 NS 0.94 769 A
Octane f,g 105 55 * 11.57 800 A
(E)-2-Octene f,h 1 1 NS 0.19 814 B
(Z)-2-octene f,h 2 3 NS 0.47 806 B
Ethylbenzene f,g 2 1 NS 0.06 865 A
1,3-Dimethylbenzene f,g 6 4 * 0.27 874 A
1,4-Dimethylbenzene f,g 0.04 0.04 NS 0.00 876 A
Styrene f,g 1 2 NS 0.09 897 A
1,2-Dimethylbenzene f,g 2 2 NS 0.09 898 A
Nonane f,g 4 2 NS 0.37 900 A
2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane e,g 6 47 * 5.89 993 A
Decane f,g 4 2 NS 0.55 1000 A
Limonene f,g 2 1 NS 0.10 1037 A
Camphor e,h 1 0.0 NS 0.10 1165 B
Dodecane f,g 1 1 NS 0.05 1200 A
Tridecane f,g 5 5 NS 0.74 1300 A
Tetradecane f,g 1 1 NS 0.08 1400 A
Pentadecane f,g 1 3 NS 0.30 1500 A
Aldehydes
Pentanal f,g 364 75 * 41.98 699 A
(E)-2-Methyl-2-butenal f,g 1 1 NS 0.03 741 A
Hexanal f,g 1943 252 * 244.29 802 A
Heptanal f,g 319 127 * 33.89 903 A
(E)-2-Heptenal f,g 4 0.2 NS 0.59 960 A
Benzaldehyde f,g 30 34 NS 2.34 971 A
Octanal f,g 229 94 * 24.24 1005 A
5-Ethyl-1-formylcyclopentene f,g 2 0.1 NS 0.32 1041 C (1)
(E)-2-Octenal f,g 7 0.2 NS 0.96 1061 A
(Z)-6-Nonenal e,h 0 0.2 NS 0.04 1100 D (4)
Nonanal f,g 378 210 * 40.11 1108 A
(E)-2-Nonenal f,g 7 1 * 0.85 1164 A
2-Ethylbenzaldehyde f,g 0.1 0.4 NS 0.08 1175 C [29]
Decanal f,g 13 9 * 1.20 1208 A
5-Butyl-1-formylcyclopentene f,g 0.06 0.01 * 0.01 1233 C [18]
(E)-2-Decenal f,g 6 1 * 0.78 1266 A
Undecanal f,g 3 1 * 0.44 1312 A
(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal f,g 2 0.2 * 0.32 1327 A
(E)-2-Undecenal f,g 6 1 * 0.67 1371 A
Dodecanal f,g 1 0.5 * 0.11 1414 A
4-Pentylbenzaldehyde f,g 0.2 0.1 NS 0.03 1480 B
Ketones
2-Propanone f,g 78 80 * 8.06 <600 B
2-Butanone f,g 448 406 * 10.70 <600 B
2-Pentanone f,g 19 14 * 0.79 683 A
3-Pentanone e,g 7 6 NS 0.15 693 A
3-Hexanone f,g 3 0.3 * 0.33 784 A
2-Hexanone f,g 2 1 NS 0.32 788 A
Cyclopentanone f,g 1 2 NS 0.11 794 A
4-Hydroxy-2-pentanone e,h 1 0.0 NS 0.18 818 D [3]
2-Methylcyclopentanone f,g 1 0.4 * 0.07 845 A
5-Methyl-2-hexanone e,h 0.4 0.5 NS 0.02 856 A
2-Heptanone f,g 33 11 * 3.46 890 A
3-Ethylcyclopentanone f,g 2 1 NS 0.12 966 A
1-Octen-3-one f,g 1 1 NS 0.18 978 B
2,3-Octanedione f,g 28 6 * 3.73 983 A
3-Octanone f,g 5 2 NS 0.41 986 B
2-Octanone f,g 1 1 NS 0.06 990 A
2-Nonanone f,g 3 3 NS 0.12 1091 A
2-Decanone f,g 3 2 NS 0.14 1193 A
2-Undecanone f,g 0.5 0.4 NS 0.02 1295 A
2-Tridecanone f,g 0.1 0.1 NS 0.01 1497 A
Alcohols
2-Butanol f,g 41 31 * 1.71 <600 B
2-Methyl-1-propanol f,g 2 8 NS 0.97 616 A
1-Butanol f,g 84 5 * 12.27 654 A
1-Penten-3-ol f,g 28 51 * 5.30 679 A
3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol f,g 2 1 NS 0.28 729 A
3-Methylbutan-1-ol f,g 20 22 NS 0.90 736 A
1-Pentanol f,g 142 51 * 13.69 765 A
1-Hexanol f,g 37 20 * 2.58 867 A
1-Heptanol f,g 3 2 NS 0.23 969 A
1-Octen-3-ol f,g 124 77 * 7.10 980 A
3-Octanol f,g 1 2 NS 0.26 997 A
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol f,g 80 6 * 11.02 1028 A
2-Octen-1-ol (E and /or Z) f,g 9 3 NS 0.96 1067 A
1-Octanol f,g 49 26 * 4.87 1069 A
1-Nonanol f,g 3 1 NS 0.37 1163 A
1-Dodecanol f,g 2 4 NS 0.44 1462 B
Acids
Hexanoic acid f,g 4 1 * 0.37 964 A
Octanoic acid f,g 0.3 0.2 NS 0.02 1157 A
Nonanoic acid f,g 0.3 0.2 NS 0.02 1254 A
Furans
2-Ethylfuran f,g 2 1 NS 0.20 698 A
2-Butylfuran f,g 0.4 0.1 NS 0.05 893 A
2-Pentylfuran f,g 14 3 * 1.70 992 A
2-Hexylfuran f,g 0.1 0.1 NS 0.01 1092 A
2-Octylfuran f,g 0.5 0.1 NS 0.06 1297 A
MAILLARD-DERIVED COMPOUNDS
Nonheterocyclic
2-Methylpropanal f,g 92 69 * 4.71 <600 B
3-Methylbutanal f,g 141 107 * 4.93 649 A
2-Methylbutanal f,g 129 92 * 5.77 660 A
Benzeneacetaldehyde f,g 2 1 NS 0.16 1052 A
2.3-Butanedione f,g 34 20 * 2.08 <600 B
2,3-Pentanedione f,g 1 1 NS 0.09 695 A
2,4-Pentanedione e,h 0.2 0.2 NS 0.03 778 A
3-Hydroxy-2-butanone f,g 21 3 * 2.96 708 A
3-Metylbutanoic acid f,g 5 5 NS 0.55 827 B
Sugar-derived
2-Furfural f,g 0.4 0.4 NS 0.02 834 A
2-Furanmethanol f,g 0.2 0.2 NS 0.02 853 A
2-Acetylfuran f,g 1 0.8 NS 0.06 913 A
Nitrogen heterocyclic
N-Methylpyrrole f,g 3 2 NS 0.23 738 A
Pyrrole f,g 12 10 NS 0.97 747 A
Pyridine f,g 1 1 NS 0.16 748 A
1-Ethyl-1H-pyrrole e,h 1 1 NS 0.08 814 C [18]
3-Methyl-1-H-pyrrole e,h 0.3 0.3 NS 0.03 836 C [18]
2-Methyl-1-H-pyrrole f,g 0.4 0.3 NS 0.03 844 C [18]
Indole f,g 2 0.4 * 0.58 1309 D [2]
Pyrazines
2-Methylpyrazine f,g 4 2 * 0.34 828 A
2,5(6)-Dimethylpyrazine f,g 14 8 * 0.97 916 A
Ethylpyrazine f,g 1 0.4 NS 0.06 922 A
2-Ethyl-6-methylpyrazine f,g 5 3 * 0.36 1001 A
Trimethylpyrazine f,g 12 6 * 1.00 1005 A
2-Ethyl-5-methylpyrazine f,g 8 5 NS 0.52 1007 A
3,6-Dimethyl-2-ethylpyrazine f,g 12 8 * 0.67 1080 A
3,5-Dimethyl-2-ethylpyrazine f,g 2 1 NS 0.19 1086 A
2,3-Dimethyl-5-ethylpyrazine f,g 1 1 NS 0.14 1090 A
2,5-Diethyl-5-methylpyrazine f,g 0.06 0.04 NS 0.00 1156 B
2,3,5-Trimethyl-6-ethylpyrazine e,h 1 0.5 NS 0.09 1160 C [2]
Dimethyl sulfide
Hydrogen sulphide f,g 19 19 NS 0.61 <600 B
Sulfur dioxide f,g 1 1 NS 0.08 <600 B
Methanethiol f,g 4 4 NS 0.11 <600 B
Carbon disulfide f,g 3 3 NS 0.09 <600 B
Ethylmethylsulfide e,h 0.3 0.4 NS 0.02 604 B
Dimethyl disulfide f,g 4 3 NS 0.25 745 A
Ethylmethyldisulfide e,g 0.02 0.02 NS 0.00 840 B
Methional f,g 0.06 0.06 NS 0.00 910 A
Dimetyl trisulfide f,g 1 1 NS 0.06 981 A
Dimethyl tetrasulfide f,g 0.07 0.07 NS 0.02 1241 C [29]
Thiophenes
Thiophene f,g 3 3 NS 0.16 666 A
2-Methylthiophene f,g 1 1 NS 0.08 773 A
3-Methylthiophene f,g 0.4 0.4 NS 0.02 783 A
2-Ethylthiophene f,g 0.1 0.1 NS 0.00 866 A
Thiazoles
5-Mehtylthiazole f,g 0.09 0.04 * 0.01 820 A
Miscellaneous
Acetophenone f,g 1 2 NS 0.09 1075 A

a The means are from four replicate samples; b Probability that there is a difference between means; NS, no significant difference between means (p > 0.05); * significant at the 5% level; c Linear retention index on a CP-Sil 8 CB low bleed/MS column; d A, mass spectrum and LRI agree with those of authentic compounds; B, mass spectrum identified using NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Database and LRI agrees with literature value [31], C, Mass spectrum agrees with spectrum in NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Database or with other literature spectrum [2,3,18,19,29]; D, Tentative identification where mass spectrum agrees with reference spectrum in the NIST/EPA/NIH mass spectral database [2,3]; e Reported for the first time in cooked goat; f Previously reported in grilled goat [2,3,19]; g Previously reported in cooked lamb; h Reported for the first time in cooked lamb.