Table 2.
Summary of flavors and fragrances extracted by SFE.
| Plant species | Raw material | Main compound extracted or process | Co-solvent | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flavors | ||||
| n/a | cheddar and parmesan cheese | defatted cheese | None | [45] |
| n/a | cigarettes | volatile and semivolatile compounds | None | [66] |
| n/a | distilled alcoholic beverages | aromatic components | None | [67] |
| n/a | flavored sugars | vanillin (29) and ethyl vanillin (30) extraction | None | [57] |
| n/a | whey protein isolate | volatile removal | None | [71] |
| Allium cepa | onion flavor | essential oil with a high-sulphur content | Ethanol | [49,50] |
| Allium sativum | homogenized garlic | thiosulfinates, zwiebelanes, and bissulfine | None | [51,52] |
| Arachis hypogaea | roasted peanuts | hexanol (1), hexanal (2), methylpyrrole (3), phenyl acetaldehyde (4), methylpyrazine (5), 2,6-dimethylpyrazine (6), ethylpyrazine (7), 2,3-dimethylpyrazine (8), 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine (9), 2-furancarboxaldehyde (10), 2-ethyl-5-methyl- (11) and 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine (12), and 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine (13) | None | [39] |
| Brassica napus | cold-press rapeseed cake | tocopherols and carotenoids | None | [70] |
| Camellia sinensis | tea flowers | phenylethanol (31), linalool (32), (E)-linalool oxide furanoid (33), epoxy linalool (34), geraniol (35), hotrienol (36), acetophenone (37) and germacrene D (38) | None | [62] |
| Camellia sinensis | decaffeinated green teas | hexanal (2), (E)-2-hexenal (47) | None | [69] |
| Citrus sinensis | orange oil | terpene hydrocarbons | None | [58] |
| Coffea arabica | coffee | acrylamide removal | Ethanol | [44] |
| Cuminum cyminum | ground cumin | volatile oil | [47] | |
| Curcuma longa | turmeric roots | curcuminoids | Ethanol | [48] |
| Humulus lupulus | hops | humulones and lupulones | None | [59,60,61] |
| Hyssopus officinalis | hyssop | sabinene (22), iso-pinocamphone (23) and pinocamphone (24) | Methanol | [53] |
| Mucuna aterrima, M. cinerium, M. deeringiana | linoleic acid (omega-6) | None | [41] | |
| Oryza sativa | aromatic vinegar from sticky rice | acetic acid (15), ethyl acetate (16), furfural (17), phenethyl alcohol (18), tetramethyl-pyrazine (19), 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (20) and benzaldehyde (21) | [46] | |
| Pandanus amaryllifolius | pandan leaves | 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (ACPY) (39) and 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone (40) | None | [63] |
| Piper nigrum | black pepper | essential oil | None | [54,55] |
| Piper piscatorum | pepper | piperovatine (25), followed by palmitic acid (26), pentadecane (27) and pipercallosidine (28) | Ethanol, methanol | [56] |
| Zingiber officinale | ginger | gingerol (41), neral (42), geranial (43), zingiberene (44), α-bisabolene (45) and β-sesquiphellandrene (46) | None | [64,65] |
| Fragrances | ||||
| Abies koreana | needle leaves | elemol (48), terpinen-4-ol (49), sabinene (22), 10(15)-cadinen-4-ol (50), α-terpineol (51), α-pinene (52) and γ-terpinene (53) | None | [73] |
| Bidens tripartita | three-lobe beggarticks | α-pinene (52), p-cymene (63), (E)-β-ocimene (64), β-elemene (65), iso-caryophyllene (66), α-caryophyllene (67), and α-bergamotene (68) | None | [78] |
| Boswellia carterii | frankincense | octyl acetate | None | [73] |
| Cannabis sativa var indica | marihuana | cannabinoids | Ethanol | [80] |
| Croton zehntneri | (E)-anethole (69), α-muurolene (70), methyl chavicol or estragole (71) and germacrene D (38) | None | [81] | |
| Eucalyptus citriodora | leaves | citronellal (54) | None | [75] |
| Eucalyptus globulus | barks | triterpenic acids | Ethanol | [74] |
| Eucalyptus grandis x globulus | inner and outer barks | β-sitosterol (55), methyl morolate (56) | None | [76] |
| Foeniculum vulgare | fennel seeds | (E)-anethole (69), estragole (71), and fenchone (72) | None | [103] |
| Laurus nobilis | bay laurel | (E)-β-ocimene (64), 1,8-cineole (74), α-pinene (52), β-pinene (75), β-longipinene (76), linalyl acetate (77), δ-cadinene (78), α-terpinyl acetate (79) and α-bulnesene (80) | None | [82] |
| Lavandula angustifolia | lavender | 1,8-cineole (74), camphor (81), linalool (32), linalyl acetate (77), fenchone (72), camphor (81) and β-caryophyllene (82) | None | [83,84,85] |
| Lavandula hybrida | lavandin | 1,8-cineole (74), linalool (32), linalyl acetate (77), and camphor (81) | None | [87] |
| Lavandula viridis | lavender | camphor (81), myrtenol (83), verbenone (84) | None | [88] |
| Mentha spicata | spearmint | carvone (85), 1,8-cineole (74), pulegone (86) | None | [89,90] |
| Ocimum basilicum | sweet basil | 1,8-cineole (74), linalool (32), eugenol (87), germacrene D (38), T-cadinol (88) | Water | [91,92] |
| Ocimum gratissimum | clove basil | eugenol (87), β-selinene (89), 1,8-cineole (74), β-caryo-phyllene (82), α-selinene (90) | None | [93] |
| Peumus boldus | boldo | volatile oils | None | [94] |
| Polygala senega, Acorus Tatarinowii | mixture of herbs | methyl eugenol (57), 1,2,3-trimethoxy-5-(2-propenyl)-benzene (58), β-asarone (59), (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (60), (Z)-6-octadecenoic acid (61), and ethyl oleate (62) | None | [77] |
| Salvia desoleana | sardinian island sage | cuticular waxes and volatile oil | None | [100] |
| Salvia officinalis | sage | mono-, sesqui- and diterpenes | None | [95,96,97,98,99] |
| Thymus vulgaris | thyme leaves | thymol (73) and p-cymene (63) | None | [103] |
| Thymus vulgaris | thyme | p-cymene (63), γ-terpinene (53), linalool (32), thymol (73), carvacrol (91), thymoquinone (92), carvacrol methyl ether (93), camphor (81), cis-linalool oxide (94) | None | [101,102,103] |