Table 3.
The effect of various additives (1 mM) on the extent of the glycoxidation of BSA induced by ribose (0.5 M), estimated with fluorometric parameters. Δ p < 0.05, # p < 0.01, * p < 0.001 (paired Student’s t-test).
| Additive | AGE | Dityrosine | N'-formylkynurenine | Kynurenine | AOPP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BSA, no sugar | 0.67 ± 0.97 * | 0.65 ± 1.05 * | 0.29 ± 0.99 * | 1.52 ± 2.10 * | 1.82 ± 0.70 * |
| BSA + ribose, no additive | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| DMSO | 92.02 ± 0.64 # | 92.38 ± 0.67 # | 93.92 ± 0.84 # | 113.33 ± 0.96 * | 109.68 ± 0.87 # |
| Standard Antiglycating Agents | |||||
| Aminoguanidine | 78.07 ± 1.53 * | 70.13 ± 0.32 * | 79.71 ± 0.44 * | 80.21 ± 2.06 * | 64.35 ± 4.39 # |
| Metformin | 99.66 ± 1.77 | 100.52 ± 1.67 | 105.57 ± 1.63 Δ | 91.19 ± 3.96 | 80.84 ± 4.72 Δ |
| Pyridoxine | <0 * | <0 * | <0 * | 95.09 ± 2.42 | 10.02 ± 3.45 * |
| Antioxidants | |||||
| Captopril | 93.66 ± 0.41 * | 94.57 ± 0.80 # | 98.39 ± 0.69 Δ | 102.39 ± 2.97 | 91.08 ± 2.02 Δ |
| Tiron | 97.32 ± 0.70 Δ | 104.07 ± 0.78 # | 103.62 ± 0.98 Δ | 105.68 ± 1.72 Δ | 51.85 ± 4.39 # |
| Metal Chelators | |||||
| EDTA | 98.67 ± 0.59 | 97.64 ± 6.72 | 99.29 ± 7.77 | 100.31 ± 8.44 | 96.71 ± 0.74 |
| DETAPA | 104.09 ± 0.48 # | 99.73 ± 0.62 | 100.59 ± 0.78 | 978.65 ± 1.79 | 76.42 ± 3.41 # |
| NTA | 111.73 ± 0.79 * | 107.94 ± 1.07 # | 107.87 ± 0.80 # | 104.63 ± 2.52 | 86.01 ± 2.59 Δ |
| Amino Acids and Derivatives, Peptides | |||||
| Arginine | 89.83 ± 0.86 # | 89.06 ± 0.80 * | 87.61 ± 0.96 * | 97.67 ± 1.91 | 86.78 ± 4.06 Δ |
| Carnosine | 93.56 ± 0.43 * | 93.68 ± 0.35 * | 99.28 ± 0.24 Δ | 102.90 ± 0.77 | 77.96 ± 3.48 # |
| Cysteamine | 78.55 ± 1.87 # | 79.47 ± 1.85 # | 82.13 ± 1.98 # | 104.22 ± 3.52 | 93.21 ± 1.68 Δ |
| Glutathione oxidized | 83.63 ± 4.11 # | 91.42 ± 3.07 Δ | 87.73 ± 4.38 Δ | 106.09 ± 4.06 | 95.55 ± 3.30 |
| Glutathione reduced | 85.58 ± 1.45 # | 91.99 ± 1.15 # | 86.17 ± 1.16 # | 103.70 ± 3.42 | 109.26 ± 3.92 |
| Glycine | 99.46 ± 0.55 | 103.24 ± 0.24 * | 104.19 ± 0.99 # | 109.24 ± 2.23 # | 89.25 ± 3.25 Δ |
| Organic Acids | |||||
| 1-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid | 18.29 ± 0.11 * | 16.46 ± 0.04 * | 18.54 ± 0.05 * | 35.31 ± 0.19 * | 33.38 ± 5.90 # |
| 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid | 102.44 ± 0.28 # | 104.63 ± 0.40 # | 110.93 ± 0.26 * | 97.48 ± 0.27 # | 96.52 ± 3.52 |
| Lipoic acid | 105.45 ± 0.61 # | 102.81 ± 0.83 Δ | 108.73 ± 0.35 * | 111.00 ± 2.01 # | 83.08 ± 5.73 Δ |
| Para-aminobenzoic acid | 85.53 ± 1.05 * | 80.87 ± 1.05 * | 87.46 ± 0.93 * | 99.43 ± 1.78 | 82.13 ± 3.72 Δ |
| Pyruvate | 104.70 ± 2.98 | 105.50 ± 3.08 | 111.00 ± 3.13 Δ | 99.18 ± 4.47 | 98.48 ± 8.42 |
| Quinic acid | 108.40 ± 0.90 # | 110.98 ± 0.90 # | 116.92 ± 1.11 * | 107.96 ± 0.80 # | 105.43 ± 3.09 |
| Organic Polybases | |||||
| Spermidine | 38.84 ± 0.37 * | 36.07 ± 0.21 * | 40.85 ± 0.39 * | 87.18 ± 0.65 * | 44.69 ± 5.23 # |
| Spermine | 32.06 ± 1.86 * | 29.54 ± 1.80 * | 33.71 ± 1.87 * | 71.84 ± 0.59 * | 67.50 ± 3.97 # |
| Polyphenols | |||||
| Caffeic acid | 45.63 ± 22.36 Δ | 56.37 ± 24.57 Δ | 48.62 ± 12.47 # | 96.67 ± 6.67 | 64.26 ± 0.88 * |
| Ellagic acid | 74.18 ± 2.54 # | 74.19 ± 2.95 # | 74.74 ± 2.85 # | 44.32 ± 1.84 * | 77.97 ± 6.66 Δ |
| Ferulic acid | 14.04 ± 0.52 * | 28.05 ± 0.49 * | 18.08 ± 0.51 * | 99.22 ± 1.05 | 41.60 ± 2.21 * |
| Gallic acid | 73.48 ± 1.87 * | 86.01 ± 1.52 # | 79.09 ± 1.49 * | 64.21 ± 1.38 * | 81.57 ± 3.22 Δ |
| Genistein | 29.40 ± 0.99 * | 28.48 ± 1.02 * | 30.75 ± 0.93 * | 33.91 ± 0.82 * | 17.42 ± 3.80 * |
| Kaempferol | 29.23 ± 1.95 * | 24.84 ± 1.96 * | 29.68 ± 1.88 * | 19.98 ± 1.81 * | 84.23 ± 6.49 |
| Naringin | 53.60 ± 1.21 * | 50.86 ± 1.11 * | 53.28 ± 1.20 * | 68.38 ± 0.70 * | 58.63 ± 4.45 # |
| Propyl gallate | 66.71 ± 1.60 * | 55.39 ± 2.09 * | 65.65 ± 1.77 * | 81.82 ± 1.30 * | 55.23 ± 3.53 # |
| Quercitrin | 14.20 ± 0.15 * | 12.13 ± 0.13 * | 14.19 ± 0.18 * | 8.37 ± 0.07 * | 50.17 ± 3.76 # |
| Rutin | 15.79 ± 0.30 * | 13.40 ± 0.35 * | 15.78 ± 0.35 * | 7.88 ± 0.14 * | 64.22 ± 6.26 Δ |