Table 2.

Summary of cell-based and animal-based studies on evaluating the effects of coffee components on modulating oxidative status.

Coffee Components	Cell-Based Studies				Animal-Based Studies
	Cell Line	Oxidative Stress Stimulator	Description of Oxidative Stress after Coffee Component Treatment, Compared to the Negative Control	Ref.	Animal	Oxidative Stress Stimulator	Description of Oxidative Status after Coffee Component Treatment Compared to the Negative Control	Ref.
Caffeine	Pulmonary epithelial A549 cell	hyperoxia	↓ROS level	[86]	Rat	None	↑GR, ↑GSH, ↑SOD, (No change) in GPx in brain	[88]
	MLE 12	hyperoxia	↓ROS level	[86]	Mice	5% ethanol in diet	↓ROS, ↓TNF-α,↓ proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in liver	[89]
	Human skin fibroblast WS-1 cell	H2O2	↓ROS level; ↓4-hydroxy-2-nonenal	[87]	Rabbit	Cholesterol-enriched diet	↑GSH, ↓ROS, ↓8-Isoprostaglandin F2α	[90]
Chlorogenic acid	Human HaCaT keratinocyte	UVB irradiation	↓DNA damage, ↓Apoptotic bodies, ↓Apoptosis-related proteins, ↑Cell viability	[91]	Rat	Paraquat	↑Liver triacylglycerol, ↑Phospholipid	[96]
	Mesenchymal stem cell	H2O2	↑Expression of FOXO family genes, ↓Apoptosis	[92]	Rat	High fat diet/streptozotocin treated	↓Thiobarbituric acid, ↑SOD, ↑Catalase	[97]
	PC12 cell	t-BOOH, or H2O2, or FeSO4	↑GSH, ↓MDA	[93]
	Human hepatoma HepG2 cell	t-BOOH	↑GSH	[94]
Melanoidins	Human hepatoma HepG2 cell	t-BOOH	↑GSH, ↓MDA	[98]	Rat	High-fat, high-calorie solid diet	↓Pro-inflammatory cytokines, ↑Anti-inflammatory cytokines	[99]
	Human neuroblastoma cell IMR32	H2O2	↑Cell viability	[100]
Trigonelline	Not available				Rat	Streptozotocin treated	↑SOD, ↑Catalase, ↑GSH, ↓MDA, ↓NO	[101]
Cafestol and kahweol	Neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y	6-Hydroxydopamine	↑Nrf2 nuclear translocation,	[102]	Mice	CCl4	↑GSH, ↓MDA	[103]
	NIH3T3 cell	H2O2	↓ TBARS, ↓ ROS, ↓ DNA damage	[104]