Table 2.

Biosensor performance based on different enzyme immobilization strategies for pharmaceutical applications.

	Immobilized Technique	Analyte	Immobilized Enzyme	Detection Method	Detection Limit	Linear Range	Sensitivity	References
Adsorption	Physical Adsorption	H2O2	HRP	Amperometric	2 μmol∙L−1	8.0 μmol∙L−1 to 3.0 mmol∙L−1	-	[37]
	Layer-by-layer	Glucose	GOD	Amperometric	0.20 mmol∙L−1	-	16 µA mmol∙L−1∙cm−2	[38]
	Layer-by-layer	Glucose	GOD	Amperometric	83 µmol/L	0.5 to 5.5 mmol/L	-	[39]
	Electrochemical doping	Choline	ChOD	Amperometric	-	1 × 10−7 to 1 × 10−4 M	-	[40]
	Lipidic microenvironement	Lactase	Lactase/GalOD	Amperometric	-	5.6 × 10−2 to 3.3 × 10−1	-	[41]
Covalent coupling		Lactate	LDH	Amperometric	1 μM	5 to 90 μM	0.0106 μA/μM	[42]
		Dopamine	Tyrosinase	Amperometric	-	5–120 μM	-	[43]
		Dopamine	Tyrosinase	Amperometric	-	1–200 µM	232.5 mA∙M−1∙cm−2	[44]
		Urea	Urease	Amperometric	-	0.16–5.02 μM	-	[45]
		Urea	Urease	Amperometric	0.02 mM	0.1 to 0.7 mM	4.5 µA/mM	[46]
Cross-linking		Glucose	GOD	Amperometric	1 µM	5 × 10−5 to 1.2 × 10−2 M	21.7 A/mM∙cm2	[47]
		Glucose	GOD	Amperometric		70–420 mg∙dL−1	-	[48]
		MSG	(l-GLOD)/(l-GLDH)	Amperometric	0.02 mg/L	0.02 to 1.2 mg/L	-	[49]
Affinity	Biotin/avidin	Urea	Urease	ChemFEC	-	10−4 to 10−1 M	-	[23]
	Chelation	Paraoxon	AChE	Electrochemical	10−12 M	10−8 to 10−13	-	[50]
Entrapment	Electropolymerization	Glucose	GOD/HRP	Amperometry	3 × 10−5 M	(3.00 × 10−5 to 2.43 × 10−3 M	7.01 ± 0.18 μA∙mM−1∙cm−2	[51]
	Photopolymerization	Dichlorvos	AChE	Amperometry	9.6 × 10−11 mol∙L−1	2 × 10−10–1 × 10−8	-	[52]
	Silica-sol-gel	Glucose	GOD	Amperometry	50 μM	0.2–20 mM	196 nA/mM	[53]
	Polysaccharide-based gel	Ethanol	ADH	Amperometry	0.52 μM	-	0.1646 AM−1·cm−2	[54]
	Carbon Paste electrodes	Dopamine	HRP	Amperometry	9.0 × 10−6 mol∙L−1	9.9 × 10−5 to 1.6 × 10−3 mol∙L−1	-	[55]
	Agarose	Dopamine	Tyrosinase	Amperometry	9.0 × 10−7	2.0 × 10−6 to 1.0 × 10−5	-	[56]
	Sol-gel	Xantine	XO, SOD and HRP	Fluorescence	20 nM	0–3.5 µM	-	[57]