Table 1.
Content of individual anthocyanins in grape skins under rain-shelter cultivation and open-field cultivation.
| Anthocyanins (mg/kg DW skin) | 70 DAF | 84 DAF | 91 DAF | 98 DAF | 105 DAF | 112 DAF | 126 DAF | 140 DAF | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain-Shelter | Open-Field | Rain-Shelter | Open-Field | Rain-Shelter | Open-Field | Rain-Shelter | Open-Field | Rain-Shelter | Open-Field | Rain-Shelter | Open-Field | Rain-Shelter | Open-Field | Rain-Shelter | Open-Field | ||
| Dephinidin-3-O-glucoside | 14.5 ± 0.4a | 7.8 ± 0.9b | 77.6 ± 0.9b | 172.3 ± 5.5a | 212.4 ± 7.2b | 420.8 ± 18.6a | 94.8 ± 13.2b | 238.4 ± 7.2a | 149.4 ± 3.2b | 286.4 ± 8.0a | 191.7 ± 4.9a | 174.0 ± 4.9b | 491.5 ± 26.2a | 268.7 ± 11.6b | 403.7 ± 13.6a | 181.2 ± 7.1b | |
| Petunidin-3-O-glucoside | 9.8 ± 0.4a | 5.3 ± 0.7b | 50.3 ± 3.5b | 95.5 ± 3.8a | 146.5 ± 11.4b | 252.4 ± 8.4a | 75.5 ± 12.4b | 166.5 ± 11.5a | 106.1 ± 9.9b | 189.4 ± 5.2a | 140.6 ± 5.0a | 109.9 ± 2.8b | 303.8 ± 17.3a | 164.5 ± 7.7b | 231.6 ± 1.6a | 122.1 ± 10.7b | |
| Malvidin-3-O-glucoside | 34.8 ± 2.0a | 12.9 ± 0.8b | 280.9 ± 1.0b | 392.6 ± 13a | 895.3 ± 21.2b | 1291.2 ± 32.2a | 720.8 ± 103.0b | 1329.1 ± 22.6a | 882.9 ± 0.9b | 1252.6 ± 25.7a | 1366.1 ± 59.2a | 998.3 ± 1.8a | 1831 ± 23.2a | 1291.3 ± 1.6b | 1595.4 ± 1.3a | 1323.3 ± 5.6b | |
| Dephinidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside | 8.1 ± 0.4a | 3.8 ± 0.1b | 28.8 ± 1.1b | 51.8 ± 1.7a | 73.9 ± 0.2b | 121.8 ± 0.8a | 47.2 ± 2.4b | 85.5 ± 3.9a | 59.6 ± 0.4b | 95.6 ± 0.8a | 79.7 ± 3.4a | 72.8 ± 1.7a | 148.6 ± 0.2a | 90.5 ± 4.8b | 135.9 ± 3.9a | 82.3 ± 0.6b | |
| Petunidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside | 6.1 ± 0.6a | 3.4 ± 0.0b | 19.1 ± 0.2b | 35.3 ± 1.8a | 53.0 ± 4.1b | 87.0 ± 1.7a | 29.5 ± 4.2b | 61.8 ± 2.5a | 41.3 ± 3.0b | 68.5 ± 0.1a | 54.8 ± 3.7a | 39.1 ± 2.3b | 104.9 ± 0.9a | 52.0 ± 1.5b | 89.5 ± 5.3a | 41.1 ± 4.2b | |
| Malvidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside | 28.0 ± 3.1a | 10.9 ± 0.5b | 153.0 ± 8.2b | 196.6 ± 6.1a | 475.2 ± 2.7b | 647.8 ± 10.3a | 472.2 ± 4.6b | 782.6 ± 3.3a | 516.3 ± 13.8b | 709.5 ± 0.8a | 782.3 ± 48.2a | 582.4 ± 3.0b | 883.6 ± 1.7a | 673.8 ± 2.4b | 836.4 ± 10.9a | 700.2 ± 10.1b | |
| Dephinidin-3-O-(cis-6-O-coumaryl)-glucoside | - | - | 4.9 ± 0.1b | 9.4 ± 0.8a | 16.6 ± 1.7b | 27.3 ± 3.7a | 10.2 ± 4.8b | 20.4 ± 0.9a | 13.8 ± 0.8b | 22.8 ± 0.3a | 17.4 ± 1.8a | 14.6 ± 0.1a | 30.4 ± 0.5a | 18.5 ± 0.3b | 25.6 ± 1.6a | 16.0 ± 0.4b | |
| Malvidin-3-O-(6-O-caffeoyl)-glucoside | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.3 ± 0.5 | - | 7.4 ± 0.8 | - | 7.7 ± 0.5 | - | 11.4 ± 1.7a | 9.4 ± 0.2b | |
| Petunidin-3-O-(cis-6-O-coumaryl)-glucoside | - | - | 4.4 ± 0.3b | 7.9 ± 0.8a | 12.7 ± 0.3b | 19.4 ± 0.8a | 7.8 ± 1.2b | 15.3 ± 0.4a | 9.8 ± 0.4b | 18.0 ± 0.0a | 11.2 ± 1.4a | 12.1 ± 0.3a | 21.5 ± 0.5a | 14.0 ± 0.1b | 16.8 ± 1.4a | 11.8 ± 0.4b | |
| Malvidin-3-O-(cis-6-O-coumaryl)-glucoside | - | - | 5.9 ± 0.3a | 7.7 ± 1.1a | 17.1 ± 1.2a | 21.1 ± 1.1a | 17.9 ± 2.3b | 25.0 ± 0.5a | 18.4 ± 0.2a | 20.7 ± 0.4a | 26.2 ± 3.2a | 25.4 ± 1.0a | 17.2 ± 1.4b | 23.6 ± 1.9a | 16.7 ± 0.9b | 27.8 ± 1.4a | |
| Malvidin-3-O-(trans-6-O-coumaryl)-glucoside | 4.5 ± 0.2a | 3.0 ± 0.3b | 38.6 ± 4.3b | 52.5 ± 5.3a | 156.5 ± 1.0b | 221.2 ± 6.8a | 163.1 ± 29.1b | 274 ± 5.3a | 175.8 ± 11.3b | 250.2 ± 2.7a | 252.1 ± 18.4a | 255.3 ± 6.5a | 294.3 ± 3.3a | 267.4 ± 9.9a | 249.5 ± 2b | 330.2 ± 9.1a | |
| Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | 6.7 ± 0.2a | 4.9 ± 0.5a | 24.9 ± 2.2b | 64.0 ± 2.4a | 51.2 ± 2.2b | 122.2 ± 3.9a | 26.6 ± 4.1b | 47.7 ± 9.1a | 35.0 ± 4.9b | 71.7 ± 1.1a | 43.2 ± 1.5a | 35.1 ± 3.4b | 106.2 ± 2.9a | 59.9 ± 1.5b | 68.1 ± 3.6a | 33.2 ± 2.9b | |
| Peonidin-3-O-glucoside | 13.0 ± 0.5a | 7.8 ± 0.5b | 61.0 ± 0.3b | 129.2 ± 4.6a | 148.0 ± 6.6b | 299.2 ± 6.9a | 108.9 ± 17.9b | 188.7 ± 5.3a | 140.1 ± 2.8b | 225.8 ± 4.0a | 178.5 ± 7.8a | 160.1 ± 1.2b | 316 ± 6.8a | 213.7 ± 0.8b | 212.3 ± 3.9a | 176.0 ± 5.7b | |
| Cyanidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside | 3.5 ± 0.2a | 2.6 ± 0.0a | 8.0 ± 0.6b | 17.8 ± 0.2a | 17.7 ± 2.6b | 33.3 ± 0.6a | 12.7 ± 4.6a | 21.6 ± 2.4a | 15.9 ± 2.7b | 24.9 ± 0.2a | 21.3 ± 1.9a | 13.5 ± 1.3b | 34.5 ± 0.3a | 19.6 ± 1.3b | 27.1 ± 3.0a | 17.0 ± 2.6b | |
| Peonidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside | 7.4 ± 1.0a | 4.4 ± 0.3b | 21.3 ± 0.6b | 41.6 ± 1.9a | 53.3 ± 1.5b | 97.5 ± 0.9a | 46.9 ± 0.9b | 75.1 ± 0.8a | 56.1 ± 0.6b | 83.8 ± 0.5a | 70.2 ± 4.1a | 61.5 ± 1.1b | 101.7 ± 0.1a | 72.7 ± 0.1b | 75.8 ± 2.5a | 63.9 ± 1.4b | |
| Peonidin-3-O-(6-O-caffeoyl)-glucoside | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.5 ± 0.2 | - | 5.3 ± 0.3 | - | 5.8 ± 1.1 | Trace | |
| Cyanidin-3-O-(6-O-coumaryl)-glucoside | - | - | - | 7.7 ± 0.7 | 7.2 ± 0.4b | 15.5 ± 0.3a | 4.7 ± 0.7b | 8.2 ± 0.0a | 6.2 ± 0.0b | 12.7 ± 1.5a | 7.2 ± 0.7 | 6.9 ± 0.1 | 11.5 ± 0.4a | 10.8 ± 1.3a | 8.4 ± 0.8a | 6.4 ± 0.2a | |
| Peonidin-3-O-(cis-6-O-coumaryl)-glucoside | - | - | 2.5 ± 0.1a | 4.0 ± 0.4a | 4.4 ± 0.3b | 7.0 ± 0.4a | 4.4 ± 0.2a | 5.9 ± 0.1a | 5.1 ± 0.2a | 6.0 ± 0.6a | 6.3 ± 1.2a | 5.5 ± 0.3a | 5.7 ± 0.9a | 6.1 ± 0.5a | 5.3 ± 1.1a | 5.5 ± 0.2a | |
| Peonidin-3-O-(trans-6-O-coumaryl)-glucoside | 2.7 ± 0.2a | 2.3 ± 0.1a | 8.9 ± 1.0b | 19.4 ± 2.4a | 26.7 ± 0.2b | 55.2 ± 3.0a | 24.0 ± 4.0b | 42.5 ± 0.5a | 31.2 ± 1.9b | 52.0 ± 0.0a | 38.9 ± 4.1a | 43.6 ± 0.1a | 59.2 ± 1.1a | 50.6 ± 2.6b | 41 ± 0.3b | 48.0 ± 3.3a | |
Malvidin-3-O-glucoside was used as the external standard for quantification. Data are mean ± standard deviation. “-” represents “not detected”. Different letters in each category represent that the concentrations of this anthocyanin had significant difference between the rain-shelter cultivation and the open-field cultivation at p ≤ 0.05 by Duncun analysis.