Table 1.

Biological activities associated with kaurane diterpenes.

Compound	Type	Plant or fungi (biotransformation) source	Biological activities	Reference
ent-18-acetoxykaur-16-ene	NP	Annona squamosa	anti-inflammatory and analgesic	[19]
ent-2α,16β,17-trihydroxykauran-19-oic acid and ent-3α,16β,17-trihydroxykauran-19-oic acid	NP	Mikania hirsutissima	immunomodulatory (human lymphocytes)	[20]
ent- 3β,15β,18-trihydroxykaur-16-ene	BP	Mucor plumbeus (fungus)	anti-allergic	[21]
ent 7β,16β,17-trihydroxykauran-6-one and ent-7α,16β,17-trihydroxykauran-6-one	NP	Broussonetia papyrifera	anti-tyrosinase	[22]
ent-13,16β,17-trihydroxykauran-19-oic acid	BP	Mucor recurvatus (fungus)	glucocorticoid agonists	[23]
ent-3β,15β,18-trihydroxykaur-16-ene ent-3-oxo-15β,18-dihydroxykaur-16-ene and ent-3β,15β-dihydroxykaur-16-ene	NP	Suregada multiflora	anti-allergic	[24]
ent-16βH,17-isobutyryloxykauran-19-oic acid and ent-16βH,17-acetoxy-18-isobutyryloxykauran-19-oic acid	NP	Siegesbeckia glabrescens	antidiabetic and antiobesity	[25]
ent-2α-hydroxy,16-oxo-17-norkauran-19-oic acid	BP	Fusarium proliferatum (fungus)	allelopathic	[26]
ent-7α,11β-dihydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid and ent-1β,7α-dihydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid	BP	Aspergillus niger (fungus)	spasmolytic	[27]
ent-16β,19-dihydroxykaurane and ent-16β,17,19-trihydroxykaurane	BP	Cephalosporium aphidicola (fungus)	allelopathic	[28]
ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (kaurenoic acid)	NP	Aspilia foliacea	antimicrobial	[29]
	NP	Mikania obtusata, Xylopia frutescens, X. sericea and Wedelia paludosa	trypanocidal	[30,31]
	NP	Melantheria albinervia	larvicidal	[32]
	NP	Annona glabra	antimicrobial, antifungal, antihelmintic and sporicidal	[33]
	NP	W. paludosa	antinociceptive	[34]
	NP	Copaifera langsdorffii	cytotoxic and genotoxic	[35,36]
	NP	W. paludosa	anti-inflammatory	[37]
	NP	Laetia thamnia	anti-Parkinsonism	[38]

NP: Natural Product isolated from plants; BP: Biotransformation Product obtained using fungi.