Figure 1.

(A) Ethyl nonanoate and ethyl dodecanoate concentrations in model wines produced after the addition of increasing amounts of nonanoic acid or decanoic acid to the MGJM; (B) Ethyl nonanoate and ethyl dodecanoate concentrations in model wines produced after the addition of increasing amounts of methyl nonanoate or methyl decanoate to the MGJM; (C) Ethyl nonanoate and ethyl dodecanoate concentrations in model wines produced after the addition of increasing amounts of nonanoyl carnitine or dodecanoyl carnitine to the MGJM. Histograms represent the mean values (n = 3) and error bars show standard errors. Different letters (e.g., a, b, c, d or aʹ, bʹ, cʹ) denote significant differences between treatments at p < 0.05 using ANOVA followed by the Games-Howell post hoc test. Note that the y-axis is in log scale.